{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T12:30:29Z","timestamp":1761741029926,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n Urinary tract infection is a prevalent and complex clinical condition. To treat urinary tract infections more effectively, we sought to describe the distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of causative organisms in patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n We retrospectively analyzed 3,685 patients with urinary tract infections between 2022 and 2023, treated at the Department of Urology of Wuhan Union Hospital. Clinical data, urine culture results, and drug sensitivity test data were collected for further analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Of all 3,685 patients with positive urine cultures, 3,899 strains of causative organisms were isolated. Gram-negative bacteria (2,242\/3899, 57.50%) were the most common causative organisms, among which\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n (1,250\/3899, 32.06%) was the most common species. Drug sensitivity tests showed that most pathogens exhibited high sensitivity to restricted antibiotics (e.g., carbapenems) and cephalosporins (nearly 100 and 90%, respectively), but high resistance rates to quinolones and macrolides (over 50%). Comparing the distribution of causative organisms and drug sensitivity between 2022 and 2023, we found that the proportion of\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n have increased significantly (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.0066 and\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.0003, respectively), while the proportion of\n Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n have decreased significantly (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.0419). Compared to non-stone infections, stone-associated infections showed a significantly higher proportion of\n P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.0001), consistent with its role in magnesium ammonium phosphate stones formation. Significant differences in pathogen distribution were also observed between outpatient and ward settings (\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Enterobacter aerogenes<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Based on the above results, cephalosporins are recommended to be applied in the initial empirical treatment, with timely adjustment according to the results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1487721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T06:52:24Z","timestamp":1761720744000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Causative organisms of urinary tract infections and their drug sensitivity: an analysis from various aspects"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xinwei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanpeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/CU9.0000000000000079","article-title":"Decreasing susceptibility of bacteria to ampicillin\/ sulbactam and third generation cephalosporins in urinary tract infections","volume":"16","author":"Vallo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Urol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01092-4","article-title":"Urinary tract infections: pathogenesis, host susceptibility and emerging therapeutics","volume":"23","author":"Timm","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-023-00105-4","article-title":"Recurrent urinary tract infection in adult patients, risk factors, and efficacy of low dose prophylactic antibiotics therapy","volume":"13","author":"Alghoraibi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310537","article-title":"Urinary tract infections caused by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli: mechanisms of infection and treatment options","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol 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clinical infections","volume":"30","author":"Moja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.24976\/Discov.Med.202436183.80","article-title":"Prevalence and resistance patterns of urinary tract infection in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective study","volume":"36","author":"Alhhazmi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507505","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1507505","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic resistance profile of UTI-causing uropathogenic bacteria in diabetics and non-diabetics at the maternity and children Hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"15","author":"Farag","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-021-00794-8","article-title":"Multiple drug resistance bacterial isolates and associated factors among urinary stone patients at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"21","author":"Kasew","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2022.4.54872","article-title":"Can urinalysis and past medical history of kidney stones predict urine antibiotic resistance?","volume":"23","author":"Mohseni","year":"2022","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.10.015","article-title":"Formation of struvite urinary stones and approaches towards the inhibition-a review","volume":"96","author":"Das","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.11.015","article-title":"From catheter to kidney stone: the Uropathogenic lifestyle of Proteus mirabilis","volume":"25","author":"Norsworthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9601-8_17","article-title":"Indwelling urinary catheter model of Proteus mirabilis infection","volume":"2021","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2019.0371","article-title":"Outcomes of Endourologic interventions in patients with preoperative Funguria","volume":"33","author":"Yecies","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Endourol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04389-9","article-title":"Urinary tract infections decreased in Finnish children during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"181","author":"Kuitunen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public 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