{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:42:21Z","timestamp":1774658541866,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001502","name":"Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023010082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023010082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001502","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Substance use epidemics, particularly opioids and e-cigarettes, pose a significant public health crisis, especially among minors. To address opioid and e-cigarette epidemics among young individuals, the Substance Use Prevention (SUP) program educated high school students in southeast Michigan. Through a medical student-led intervention, we implemented interactive educational methods to deliver evidence-based information on the risks associated with these substances.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A <jats:italic>non-randomized pre- and post-test<\/jats:italic> quasi-experimental study design assessed the impact of the SUP interventions on the high school students' understanding of addiction mechanisms, health consequences, and prevention strategies. We assessed baseline knowledge (pre-intervention questionnaires), demographic factors, and post-intervention knowledge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data analysis among 100 students from four high schools revealed that while students started with varied levels of baseline knowledge, they reported significantly higher confidence in their opioid (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001) and e-cigarette (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001) knowledge after the intervention. Students significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) improved their ability to recognize causes of overdose (scoring 65% vs. 78%), risk factors (21%\u201384%), and naloxone as emergency treatment (38%\u201380%) after the intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subjects showed no changes in individual knowledge of e-cigarettes, which we attribute to school-specific variances and\/or high baseline knowledge. The difference in knowledge among schools may be due to disparities in race and differences in socioeconomic status, as shown by the increased poverty level. This study evidenced the importance of raising awareness among adolescents to improve their learning and comprehension of the causes and consequences of substance misuse by sharing medically focused explanations of substances as well as the economic and societal impact.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1490166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T05:36:49Z","timestamp":1744090609000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A community outreach program enhances education on opioid and e-cigarette misuse among teenagers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Basma M.","family":"Klump","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ananya","family":"Varre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Karns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esha","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richa","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Urja","family":"Parikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carrie","family":"Nazaroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Restini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"su6901a5","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.su6901a5","article-title":"Prescription opioid misuse and use of alcohol and other substances among high school students\u2014youth risk behavior survey, United States, 2019","volume":"69","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Suppl"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kramarow\n              EA\n            \n            \n              Elgaddal\n              N\n            \n          \n          Current Electronic Cigarette Use Among Adults Aged 18 and Over: United States, 2021","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:120213"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-44226-2","author":"Steele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Handbook of Evidence-Based Therapies for Children and Adolescents: Bridging Science and Practice"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2020.1833926","article-title":"Regulatory focus and substance use in adolescents: protective effects of prevention orientation","volume":"56","author":"Franzese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse."},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"Substance use among 12th grade aged youths by dropout status\n          \n          \n            \n              Tice\n              P\n            \n          \n          Rockville, MD\n          Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)\n          The CBHSQ Report\n          \n          2013"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12723","article-title":"Substance use, academic performance, and academic engagement among high school seniors","volume":"89","author":"Bugbee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sch Health."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305020","article-title":"Targeting youth to prevent later substance use disorder: an underutilized response to the US opioid crisis","year":"","journal-title":"AJPH."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4337","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084337","article-title":"Health literacy, self-perceived health, and substance use behavior among young people with alcohol and substance use disorders","volume":"18","author":"Rolova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441778","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1441778","article-title":"Empowering the future: improving community wellbeing and health literacy through outreach and service-learning","volume":"12","author":"Restini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.6.1027","article-title":"Project DARE outcome effectiveness revisited","volume":"94","author":"West","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.015","article-title":"The Adolescent Substance Abuse Prevention Study: A randomized field trial of a universal substance abuse prevention program","volume":"102","author":"Sloboda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00002-X","article-title":"Prevention, early intervention, harm reduction, and treatment of substance use in young people","volume":"3","author":"Stockings","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"157","article-title":"School-based programs to prevent and reduce alcohol use among youth","volume":"34","author":"Stigler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-015-0401-2","article-title":"The effectiveness of an intervention to promote awareness and reduce online risk behavior in early adolescence","volume":"45","author":"Schilder","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19251","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1821936116","article-title":"Measuring actual learning versus feeling of learning in response to being actively engaged in the classroom","volume":"116","author":"Deslauriers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci."},{"key":"B17","unstructured":"Prevention of Substance Use and Mental Disorders\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B18","unstructured":"Abuse\n              NI on D\n            \n          \n          NIDA.NIH.GOV | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B19","unstructured":"2023"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/00914509241252031","article-title":"et al. Algorithmic doors to community and the trap of visibility: TikTok for harm reduction activism in the US overdose crisis","volume":"51","author":"Schlosser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Contemp Drug Probl."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.5667","article-title":"Trends in use and perceptions of nicotine vaping among US youth from 2017 to 2020","volume":"175","author":"Miech","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"B22","unstructured":"A review of teen and adolescent attitudes regarding E-cigarettes and their relevance to education\n          \n          2\n          \n            \n              Grebenau\n              M\n            \n          \n          J Adolesc Fam Health\n          11\n          2020"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9263","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159263","article-title":"A systematic review of E-cigarette marketing communication: messages, communication channels, and strategies","volume":"19","author":"Lyu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18943","DOI":"10.2196\/18943","article-title":"Tactics for drawing youth to vaping: content analysis of electronic cigarette advertisements","volume":"22","author":"Struik","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2019.1652752","article-title":"Adolescents' interpretations of e-cigarette advertising and their engagement with e-cigarette information: results from five focus groups","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Health."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/12.8.701","article-title":"The impact of poverty on educational outcomes for children","volume":"12","author":"Ferguson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000022","article-title":"Family and neighborhood disadvantage, home environment, and children's school readiness","volume":"28","author":"Jeon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Fam Psychol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41539-023-00199-2","article-title":"Disrupting links between poverty, chronic stress, and educational inequality","volume":"8","author":"Harms","year":"2023","journal-title":"Npj Sci Learn."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.22122\/ahj.v10i2.561","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities and self-reported substance abuse-related problems","volume":"10","author":"Baptiste-Roberts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict Health."},{"key":"B30","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1490166\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T05:37:04Z","timestamp":1744090624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1490166\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1490166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1490166","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"article-number":"1490166"}}