{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:19:40Z","timestamp":1790601580371,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is uncertain if exposure to BPA and its substitutes has an impact on renal function, including N-acetyl-\u03b2-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), which is an early marker for kidney injury. We aimed to (1) Estimate the daily intakes (DIs) of BPA and its substitutes using individual urinary levels and conduct the cumulative risk assessment of bisphenols. (2) Assessed the association between exposure to BPA and its substitutes with various renal function indices using a dose-based and cumulative risk assessment approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recruited 366 participants, and three bisphenols (BPA, bisphenol F, and bisphenol S) were analyzed through ultraperformance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry. DI levels were calculated for each bisphenol. Hazard index (HI) values were calculated for determining cumulative risk. Using the renal function index, we measured the serum and urinary level (e.g., microalbumin, NAG). The NAG\/Creatinine ratio (&amp;gt; 4 IU\/g creatinine) and other renal functions indexes based on clinical cut-off points to defined abnormality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After adjustment for covariates, increased NAG\/Creatinine ratios were associated with higher DIs of BPA, showing a dose-response trend (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]\n                      <jats:sub>tertile2<\/jats:sub>\n                      : 3.58, 95% CI = 1.52\u20138.44; AOR\n                      <jats:sub>tertile3<\/jats:sub>\n                      : 7.34, 95% CI = 2.26\u201323.81;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). Notably, the HI of bisphenols was positively associated with NAG\/Creatinine in adults (AOR\n                      <jats:sub>tertile2<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.10\u20134.34; AOR\n                      <jats:sub>tertile3<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 4.27, 95% CI = 2.14\u20138.51) after adjusted for covariates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found a sensitive risk factor for abnormal NAG\/creatinine levels after exposure to BPA and its substitute. Further mechanistic studies are needed to clarify these associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1505578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T11:13:21Z","timestamp":1747653201000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Urinary bisphenol A and its substitutes exposure increased the risk of renal tubular injury (N-acetyl-\u03b2-d-glucosaminidase) in the general Taiwanese population"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yu-Jung","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Wei","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinoth Kumar","family":"Ponnusamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han-Bin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Chang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po-Chin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4405","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-023-02608-9","article-title":"Global economic burden associated with chronic kidney disease: a pragmatic review of medical costs for the inside CKD research Programme","volume":"40","author":"Jha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.4611","article-title":"An overview of the occurrence, fate, and human risks of the bisphenol-a present in plastic materials, components, and products","volume":"19","author":"Hahladakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Integr Environ Assess Manag"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396147","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1396147","article-title":"Exposure characteristics and cumulative risk assessment of bisphenol A and its substitutes: the Taiwan environmental survey for toxicants 2013","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/437857","article-title":"Bisphenol A in chronic kidney disease","volume":"2013","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Parra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002572","article-title":"2011. 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