{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:53:10Z","timestamp":1783529590082,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017594","name":"Medical Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020KY236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020KY236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017594","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017594","name":"Medical Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020KY777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020KY777"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017594","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors associated with human psittacosis in Hangzhou city, eastern China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The human psittacosis data from 2021 to 2024 were obtained from the China information system for diseases control and prevention infectious disease surveillance system. Epidemiological investigations were carried out on the patients' past medical history, clinical manifestations, chest CT results and treatment status. A community-based 1:3 matched case-control study was performed to investigate the risk factors associated with <jats:italic>Chlamydia psittaci<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the study period, 137 confirmed cases of human psittacosis were identified through laboratory tests, of which 24 (17.52%) were classified as critical cases, including one fatality. The epidemic curve indicated that the majority of cases occurred between October and March. Among the cases, 48.91% were female, and the median age was 63 years. There were more female cases among those aged &amp;lt;60 years, while there were more male cases among those aged \u226560 years. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of bird habitats within 500 m of the living area [odds ratio (OR) = 3.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.19\u20136.61], parrots kept (OR = 2.95, 95%CI = 1.10\u20137.89) and poultry kept (OR = 2.15, 95%CI = 1.02\u20134.53) remained significantly associated with the risk of disease infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human psittacosis has become a notable public health concern in Hangzhou city, with an increase in psittacosis cases reported in recent years. Exposure to poultry, birds, or environments contaminated with <jats:italic>Chlamydia psittaci<\/jats:italic> was associated with infection. Urgent actions to reduce psittacosis cases and mitigate the impact of outbreaks are needed, including strengthening surveillance, raising public awareness, and promoting collaboration between the agricultural and health sectors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1512841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T07:11:32Z","timestamp":1738825892000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Epidemiological features and risk factors of human psittacosis in Hangzhou City, eastern China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhou","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangliang","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingliang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghui","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingbing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"3096","article-title":"Chlamydia psittaci (psittacosis) as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume-title":"Epidemiol Infect","author":"Hogerwerf","year":"2017"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2019.1590889","article-title":"Human psittacosis: a review with emphasis on surveillance in Belgium","volume":"75","author":"Rybarczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Clin Belg"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21026","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2015.20.5.21026","article-title":"Typing of Chlamydia psittaci to monitor epidemiology of psittacosis and aid disease control in the Netherlands, 2008 to 2013","volume":"20","author":"Heddema","year":"2015","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.003","article-title":"Psittacosis","volume":"24","author":"Stewardson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.09.046","article-title":"Chlamydophila psittaci infections in birds: a review with emphasis on zoonotic consequences","volume":"135","author":"Harkinezhad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1647\/217-265","article-title":"Compendium of measures to control Chlamydia psittaci infection among humans (Psittacosis) and pet birds (Avian Chlamydiosis), 2017","volume":"31","author":"Balsamo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Avian Med Surg"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06205-5","article-title":"A case of chlamydia psittaci caused severe pneumonia and meningitis diagnosed by metagenome next-generation sequencing and clinical analysis: a case report and literature review","volume":"21","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"Surveillance and Reporting\n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3317-0","article-title":"Laboratory methods for case finding in human psittacosis outbreaks: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Nieuwenhuizen","year":"2018"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2140606","article-title":"Severe community-acquired pneumonia caused by Chlamydia psittaci genotype E\/B strain circulating among geese in Lishui city, Zhejiang province, China","volume":"11","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S443953","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of Chlamydia psittaci infection diagnosed by metagenomic next-generation sequencing: a retrospective multi-center study in Fujian, China","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1086\/511159","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America; American Thoracic Society. 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