{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:30:29Z","timestamp":1753893029671,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The role of obstetric nurses in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is becoming increasingly important, and their management level will directly affect the patient\u2019s health education and even the pregnancy outcome. However, there is a lack of tools to measure the competencies of GDM management among obstetric nurses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The questionnaire was developed in two stages: (a) creation of an initial questionnaire based on the definition of competency, literature review, and semi-structured interviews, followed by two rounds of Delphi expert inquiry; (b) evaluation of the questionnaire via piloting study on 30 obstetric nurses and testing of validity and reliability on 239 obstetric nurses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A questionnaire containing dimensions of professional knowledge, professional skills, professional competence and personal attitude was developed. Correlation analysis revealed statistically significant correlations (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01) between each item and the total score, although two items had <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>-values &amp;lt;0.4, indicating weak correlations, so they were removed. The initial Cronbach\u2019s <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> coefficient of 0.970 indicated that no items needed to be excluded. Five experts evaluated the content validity, yielding an S-CVI\/Ave of 0.95 and the I-CVI values range from 0.80 to 1.00, meeting the reference standard. The Cronbach\u2019s <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> coefficients for the four dimensions ranged from 0.793 to 0.928, while the overall Cronbach\u2019s <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.970. The retest reliability was 0.907, and the fold-half reliability was 0.950. The results of the reliability tests all met the measurement requirements of the questionnaire and could be used to evaluate the competency of obstetric nurses in the management of GDM patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study developed an assessment tool for evaluating the management ability of obstetric nurses for GDM patients, which consists of four dimensions and 35 items. The dimensions and items demonstrate the content of the competence theory, and the questionnaire shows good stability and reliability and validity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Recommendations for practice<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is recommended that healthcare institutions integrate this questionnaire into training and evaluation programs for obstetric nurses to improve care quality for GDM patients. Regular use will ensure nurses have the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to provide optimal care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1521673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T05:22:36Z","timestamp":1745385756000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of a questionnaire to evaluate the management of gestational diabetes mellitus patients among obstetric nurses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yongyan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yumin","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feifei","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feifan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangfang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weili","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhumin","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0098-8","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"McIntyre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac003","article-title":"A clinical update on gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"43","author":"Sweeting","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2018.09.004","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus: mechanisms, treatment, and complications","volume":"29","author":"Johns","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-016-0607-5","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus: an updated overview","volume":"40","author":"Chiefari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"volume-title":"IDF diabetes atlas","year":"2021","key":"ref5"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/FM9.0000000000000113","article-title":"Comprehensive management of gestational diabetes mellitus in China","volume":"3","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matern-Fetal Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960877","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.960877","article-title":"The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus before and after the implementation of the universal two-child policy in China","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.96","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus: risks and management during and after pregnancy","volume":"8","author":"Buchanan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2018.03.014","article-title":"Academy of nutrition and dietetics gestational diabetes evidence-based nutrition practice guideline","volume":"118","author":"Duarte-Gardea","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2343-2","article-title":"Current guidelines on the management of gestational diabetes mellitus: a content analysis and appraisal","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.324","article-title":"Guidelines for the nursing management of gestational diabetes mellitus: an integrative literature review","volume":"7","author":"Mensah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nurs Open"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-016-2114-x","article-title":"Improved outcomes for Hispanic women with gestational diabetes using the Centering Pregnancy\u00a9 group prenatal care model","volume":"21","author":"Schellinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"volume-title":"Diabetes in pregnancy: management of diabetes and its complications from preconception to the postnatal period","year":"2008","key":"ref13"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/FM9.0000000000000110","article-title":"The differences of gestational diabetes outpatient management between China and the United Kingdom: from the perspective of a first-year resident","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matern-Fetal Med."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9517","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249517","article-title":"Prevalence, prevention, and lifestyle intervention of gestational diabetes mellitus in China","volume":"17","author":"Juan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2023.104632","article-title":"A qualitative exploration of a nurse practitioner role in gestational diabetes mellitus management","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nurse Pract"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajns.20190806.14","article-title":"Practice and effect evaluation of gestational diabetes mellitus specialist practice model","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin J Nurs"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.4069\/kjwhn.2001.7.4.419","article-title":"A study of nurses\u2019 knowledges on gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"7","author":"Choi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Korean J Women Health Nurs"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.5958\/2349-2996.2020.00060.9","article-title":"Effectiveness of nursing care of antenatal mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"10","author":"Lakshmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Nurs Educ Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.20473\/jn.v16i2.29811","article-title":"Nurses\u2019 role in taking care of gestational diabetes mellitus patients: a qualitative study","volume":"16","author":"Pujiyanto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ners"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e067352","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-067352","article-title":"Competency in nursing practice: a concept analysis","volume":"13","author":"Mrayyan","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001","DOI":"10.33160\/yam.2018.03.001","article-title":"Nursing competency: definition, structure and development","volume":"61","author":"Fukada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Yonago Acta Med"},{"volume-title":"Curriculum studies in post-compulsory and adult education: a study guide for teachers and student teachers","year":"2002","author":"Neary","key":"ref23"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1163\/156916297X00103","article-title":"The theory, practice, and evaluation of the phenomenological method as a qualitative research procedure","volume":"28","author":"Giorgi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Phenomenol Psychol"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"99","article-title":"Seeking consensus through the use of the Delphi technique in health sciences research","volume":"42","author":"Falzarano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allied Health"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00457","article-title":"Delphi technique in health sciences: a map","volume":"8","author":"Niederberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1080\/13611260500069947","article-title":"The Delphi technique in health sciences education research","volume":"27","author":"de Villiers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2018.03.066","article-title":"Evaluation of methods used for estimating content validity","volume":"15","author":"Almanasreh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res Soc Adm Pharm"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Development and reliability and validity of health education demand questionnaire for patients with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume-title":"Master thesis","author":"Qian","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"349","article-title":"New strategies for pretesting survey questions","volume":"7","author":"Oksenberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Off Stat"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2006.03915.x","article-title":"Use of factor analysis in journal of advanced nursing: literature review","volume":"55","author":"Watson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428103251541","article-title":"A review and evaluation of exploratory factor analysis practices in organizational research","volume":"6","author":"Conway","year":"2003","journal-title":"Organ Res Methods"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0000000000000079","article-title":"The problem with Cronbach\u2019s alpha: Comment on Sijtsma and Van der Ark (2015)","volume":"64","author":"Barbaranelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"369","volume-title":"Medical statistics","author":"Sun","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"212","volume-title":"Structural equation modeling: AMOS operations and applications","author":"Wu","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2002.tb00108.x","article-title":"Issues and strategies for reducing the length of self-report scales","volume":"55","author":"Stanton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pers Psychol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1521673\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T05:22:41Z","timestamp":1745385761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1521673\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1521673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1521673","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-2565"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"article-number":"1521673"}}