{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:43:36Z","timestamp":1790981016781,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gout increasingly affects adolescents. However, comprehensive data on adolescent gout are scarce. This study aimed to analyse the incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), and risk factors for gout in adolescents aged 10\u201324\u202fyears via the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database from 1990 to 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study employed cross-sectional data from the GBD 2021 study in adolescents aged 10\u201324\u202fyears. The incidence, prevalence, YLD, and risk factor rates or numbers for gout were extracted, and trends across different sociodemographic index (SDI) levels and exponential annualized percentage change (EAPC) rates were analysed via linear regression analysis. Bayesian age-period-cohot (BAPC) model with an integrated nested Laplace approximation to predict the age-standardized incidence rate of gout among adolescents over the next 15\u202fyears in Global, China, Taiwan (Province of China), Qatar, and Maldives.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The global incidence number of gout in adolescents increased by 23.47% (95% CI 21.66 to 25.92) from 1990 to 2021; by 2021, the incidence number of gout was 110664.59 (95% UI 62543.83 to 163447.37). High BMI was the leading risk factor for YLD. The higher the SDI is, the greater the incidence of gout and the greater the disease burden in adolescents. Taiwan (Province of China) had the highest rates in 2021, and an increasing trend is predicted by 2035.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adolescent gout is an escalating global health issue, particularly in regions with increasing age-standardized incidence rates. Urgent dietary and weight interventions are recommended to reduce the disease burden in adolescents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1526141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T05:38:06Z","timestamp":1749015486000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Trends and burden of gout among adolescents aged 10\u201324\u202fyears: insights from the global burden of disease study 2021"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yueshan","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiran","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanbin","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003025","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003025","article-title":"Global, regional and national burdens of gout in the young population from 1990 to 2019: a population-based study","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.04.008","article-title":"Gout epidemiology and comorbidities","volume":"50","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06695-x","article-title":"The effects of aerobic exercise on body composition in overweight and obese patients with gout: a randomized, open-labeled, controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38602-6","article-title":"Association of gout with brain reserve and vulnerability to neurodegenerative disease","volume":"14","author":"Topiwala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766101","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.766101","article-title":"A study on the relationship between adolescent health behavior, BMI, and blood physical and chemical properties","volume":"10","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e156","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00338-7","article-title":"Gout and incidence of 12 cardiovascular diseases: a case-control study including 152 663 individuals with gout and 709 981 matched controls","volume":"6","author":"Ferguson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.024091","article-title":"Gout epidemiology: results from the UK general practice research database, 1990-1999","volume":"64","author":"Mikuls","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-017-3768-4","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of gout in Korea: data from the national health claims database 2007-2015","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e507","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(24)00117-6","article-title":"GBD 2021 Gout Collaborators. 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