{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T23:52:55Z","timestamp":1777074775030,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>Cervical cancer has a high incidence to high mortality rate and poses an important global burden that disproportionately affects women in underdeveloped areas of the world. The World Health Organization has proposed a new and ambitious policy that aims to reduce the number of deaths from cervical cancer by 62.6 million over the next 70 years. However, there are many obstacles to the adoption of this policy and implementation in both Resource-Rich and Resource-Constrained Countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>In this perspective article, we propose a cost-effective, sustainable, and practical model that introduces a kit that may help overcome some of the existing barriers and achieve the goal to eventually eliminate cervical cancer. The kit includes a novel vaginal speculum that provides better visibility of the cervix, ease-of-use, and patient comfort; AI-assisted cervicography with a portable colposcope or Smart Phone; and canister-based cryotherapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Previous studies in Peru, Panama, Paraguay, and Kenya have demonstrated that these kits represent a novel, cost-effective, practical, accurate, and sustainable model to screen, triage, and treat cervical cancer and precancers at the point of care anywhere in the world.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>This model is a simple and inexpensive solution to some of the barriers to care for cervical health, potentially providing significant benefits by decreasing morbidity and mortality of cervical cancer without significant risk for women throughout the world.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1527172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T15:00:48Z","timestamp":1744815648000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A novel and cost-effective model to screen and treat cervical cancer and precancers at the point of care"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jean M.","family":"Bouquet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isain","family":"Zapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e197","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00501-0","article-title":"Global estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2020: a baseline analysis of the WHO global cervical cancer elimination initiative","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.7826","article-title":"Estimates and projections of the global economic cost of 29 cancers in 204 countries and territories from 2020 to 2050","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"viii350","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy285.188","article-title":"Economic and humanistic burden of cervical cancer in the United States","volume":"29","author":"Nwankwo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2019.1634030","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer","volume":"40","author":"Okunade","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3050","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02600-4","article-title":"Benefits, harms and cost-effectiveness of cervical screening, triage and treatment strategies for women in the general population","volume":"29","author":"Simms","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105468","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1105468","article-title":"Strategies to eliminate cervical cancer in China","volume":"13","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30183-X","article-title":"The projected timeframe until cervical cancer elimination in Australia: a modelling study","volume":"4","author":"Hall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1115","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00241-8","article-title":"Cervical cancer screening programmes and age-specific coverage estimates for 202 countries and territories worldwide: a review and synthetic analysis","volume":"10","author":"Bruni","year":"","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-02043-y","article-title":"Barriers to uptake of cervical cancer screening services in low-and-middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Petersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2147\/MDER.S415558","article-title":"An innovative design for the vaginal speculum","volume":"16","author":"Bouquet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Devices."},{"key":"B11","article-title":"Improving visualization of the cervix, ease of use, and patient comfort using a newly designed vaginal speculum: a pilot study","author":"Bouquet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Devices: Evid Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2013-0253","article-title":"Screen-and-treat approach to cervical cancer prevention using visual inspection with acetic acid and cryotherapy: experiences, perceptions, and beliefs from demonstration projects in Peru, Uganda, and Vietnam","volume":"18","author":"Paul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncologist."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-018-0083-x","article-title":"Android device-based cervical cancer screening for resource-poor settings","volume":"31","author":"Kudva","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Digit Imaging."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431142","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1431142","article-title":"A quantitative analysis of artificial intelligence research in cervical cancer: a bibliometric approach utilizing CiteSpace and VOSviewer","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-2023-004397","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and visual inspection in cervical cancer screening","volume":"33","author":"Nakisige","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"Geneva: World Health Organization\n \n \n \n 2011"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-14-143","article-title":"Predictors of default from follow-up care in a cervical cancer screening program using direct visual inspection in south-western Nigeria","volume":"14","author":"Ezechi","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-019-0727-5","article-title":"Cryoablation and immunotherapy: an overview of evidence on its synergy","volume":"10","author":"Aarts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680109400416","article-title":"The history of cryosurgery","volume":"4","author":"Cooper","year":"2001","journal-title":"J R Soc Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.67530","article-title":"Recent progress in cryoablation cancer therapy and nanoparticles mediated cryoablation","volume":"12","author":"Kwak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B21","unstructured":"Rev.\n \n 2020"},{"key":"B22","unstructured":""},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.35248\/2167-0420.19.8.470","article-title":"A new vaginal speculum and an inexpensive kit to screen and treat dysplasia and cancer of the cervix","volume":"8","author":"Bouquet","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Womens Health Care."},{"key":"B24","volume-title":"Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment in 15\/47 Kenyan Counties from 2019\u20132023.","author":"Kimani","year":""},{"key":"B25","unstructured":"Cost Effectiveness of Cervical Cancer Screening Tests in Kenya"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0217331","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217331","article-title":"Estimating the costs of HIV clinic integrated versus non-integrated treatment of pre-cancerous cervical lesions and costs of cervical cancer treatment in Kenya","volume":"14","author":"Vodicka","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B27","unstructured":"Doctors\n Without Borders\n \n \n No Woman Should Die of Cervical Cancer. The Disease is Preventable, Detectable, and Treatable in the Early Stages\n \n 2020"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1527172\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T15:00:52Z","timestamp":1744815652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1527172\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1527172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1527172","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"article-number":"1527172"}}