{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T04:40:46Z","timestamp":1778906446827,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a growing global public health issue, with an estimated prevalence of around 11% in the most developed countries. This study, conducted as part of the European project CitieS-Health, aimed to estimate the prevalence of CKD in the Serchio Valley, Tuscany, Italy, an area subject to environmental contamination from various sources, including a potentially polluting copper foundry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2019 to 2022 among a representative sample of 400 adults from eight municipalities, integrating a citizen science (CS) approach to enhance public engagement. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CKD in the area, as assessed by the decrease of estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR). Data on lifestyle, clinical parameters, and environmental exposures were collected, employing a standardized protocol developed by the Disadvantaged Populations eGFR Epidemiology Study (DEGREE). The eGFR was calculated using three equations: CKD-EPI 2009, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), and CKD-EPI 2021. Associations between risk factors and CKD were examined through multivariate analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results revealed a CKD prevalence of 12.7% using the CKD-EPI 2009 formula, 15.8% with the MDRD equation, and 10.5% according to the CKD-2021 definition, with age, hypertension, and diabetes being significant risk factors. These estimates are significantly higher than the national average reported in Italian studies (6\u20139%). Moreover, residential proximity to (&amp;lt; 2 km) and employment in the copper foundry resulted associated with eGFR reduction (OR = 1.36; 90%CI = 0.80, 2.29 and OR = 2.14; 90%CI = 0.89, 5.13, respectively; estimated with ordinal logistic regression, CKD defined per 2021 criteria).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In conclusion, the study revealed an increased prevalence of CKD in an area affected by heavy metal pollution, particularly cadmium. These findings underscore the impact of environmental exposures on kidney health, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and public health measures to mitigate CKD prevalence in pollution-exposed communities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1536070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T05:23:08Z","timestamp":1747804988000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["\u201cAria di Ricerca in Valle del Serchio\u201d: a cross-sectional citizen science study to evaluate CKD prevalence and associations with environmental risk factors in the Serchio Valley (Lucca, Tuscany, Italy)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Doccioli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Sera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Stoppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"De Marchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dolores","family":"Catelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Ficorilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Malavasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annibale","family":"Biggeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.52","article-title":"The systemic nature of CKD","volume":"13","author":"Zoccali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002343","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease as a global public health problem: approaches and initiatives \u2013 a position statement from kidney disease improving global outcomes","volume":"72","author":"Levey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"396","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02597-3","article-title":"Burden of chronic kidney disease and its risk-attributable burden in 137 low-and middle-income countries, 1990-2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"23","author":"Ke","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/jorc.12316","article-title":"Kidney health for everyone everywhere-from prevention to detection and equitable access to care","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ren Care"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32064-5","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease","volume":"389","author":"Webster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015050542","article-title":"CKD prevalence varies across the European general population","volume":"27","author":"Br\u00fcck","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02400310","article-title":"Prevalence of CKD in northeastern Italy: results of the INCIPE study and comparison with NHANES","volume":"5","author":"Gambaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"401","article-title":"Epidemiologia della malattia renale cronica in Italia: stato dell\u2019arte e contributo dello studio CARHES","volume":"28","author":"De Nicola","year":"2011","journal-title":"G Ital Nefrologia"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-016-0417-1","article-title":"International collaboration for the epidemiology of eGFR in low and middle income populations - 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