{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T15:52:15Z","timestamp":1771602735359,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AA029817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA029817"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Black Americans suffer a range of health disparities rising from a long history of structural inequities and racism. Black individuals experience alcohol use disorder (AUD) at rates comparable to the general population, yet they suffer more negative consequences due to alcohol use such as illnesses, injuries, criminal-legal involvement, and social problems. The barriers they face challenge their ability to achieve recovery. However, the recovery needs of the Black population and the potential impact of racial disparities on pathways to recovery have not been examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted semi-structured interviews with 37 participants in the Black-majority city of Detroit, Michigan, who identified as Black or African American and in recovery from AUD. Participants were 50\u202fyears old on average, 40% were women, and they reported being in recovery from alcohol for 8.4\u202fyears on average. We built upon <jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic> codes, using a framework analysis approach, to identify and code thematic domains related to recovery pathways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified four overarching themes. (1) <jats:italic>Delayed recovery initiation<\/jats:italic> largely due to systemic challenges and a lack of knowledge about recovery, resulting in the belief that recovery was not possible. (2) Once initiating recovery, many reported getting stuck in <jats:italic>chronic early recovery<\/jats:italic> due to relapse cycles that regularly involved system and individual challenges coupled with inadequate support. (3) Use of blended <jats:italic>recovery pathways<\/jats:italic>, some common in the recovery literature (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous), and some more prevalent in Black communities (e.g., religion\/spirituality). (4) The <jats:italic>facilitators of recovery<\/jats:italic> var<jats:italic>y by recovery stage<\/jats:italic>; for example, receiving support was crucial in early recovery while providing support was important for sustained recovery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants\u2019 stories emphasized the burdens experienced by this low-income Black community at personal, interpersonal, environmental and societal levels. They directly connected these burdens with the difficult mission of achieving and sustaining recovery from alcohol problems. Some challenges and recovery pathways were common in the broader population, and some, such as the impact of racism, were unique to this Black population. The results have meaningful implications for clinical treatment and recovery support improvements, to advance the recovery journeys of Black individuals with AUD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1537059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T05:40:26Z","timestamp":1746078026000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Understanding pathways to recovery from alcohol use disorder in a Black community"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Vose-O\u2019Neal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanesha","family":"Christmas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen A.","family":"Alfaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Dunigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex P.","family":"Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Drew","family":"Hickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meelee L.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Reif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01777-9","article-title":"Racial differences in alcohol and tobacco use in adolescence and mid-adulthood in a community-based sample","volume":"55","author":"Pamplin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201500453","article-title":"Trends in racial-ethnic disparities in access to mental health care, 2004\u20132012","volume":"68","author":"Cook","year":"2017","journal-title":"PS"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305409","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in drug- and alcohol-related arrest outcomes in a southwest county from 2009 to 2018","volume":"110","author":"Camplain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S534","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302615","article-title":"Black\u2013white differences in the relationship between alcohol drinking patterns and mortality among US men and women","volume":"105","author":"Jackson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032113","article-title":"Less drinking, yet more problems: understanding African American drinking and related problems","volume":"140","author":"Zapolski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/19485565.2017.1335589","article-title":"Racial disparities in the association between alcohol use disorders and health in Black and White women","volume":"63","author":"Ransome","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biodemography Soc Biol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.09.006","article-title":"Treatment access barriers and disparities among individuals with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders: an integrative literature review","volume":"61","author":"Priester","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Subst Abus Treat"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13285","article-title":"Drinking, alcohol use disorder, and treatment access and utilization among U.S. racial\/ethnic groups","volume":"41","author":"Vaeth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15332640.2012.652516","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement","volume":"11","author":"Acevedo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Ethn Subst Abus"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.06.018","article-title":"Deaths of despair(ity) in early 21st century America: the rise of mortality and racial\/ethnic disparities","volume":"57","author":"Gennuso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40985-016-0025-4","article-title":"Improving the health of African Americans in the USA: an overdue opportunity for social justice","volume":"37","author":"Noonan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Rev"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","article-title":"Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions","volume":"389","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"Communities in action: Pathways to health equity","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity: A supplement to mental health: A report of the surgeon General","author":"Satcher","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.12.007","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in outpatient substance use disorder treatment episode completion for different substances","volume":"63","author":"Mennis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Subst Abus Treat"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108087","article-title":"Substance use improvement depends on race\/ethnicity: outpatient treatment disparities observed in a large US national sample","volume":"213","author":"Sahker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2011.0983","article-title":"Blacks and Hispanics are less likely than whites to complete addiction treatment, largely due to socioeconomic factors","volume":"32","author":"Saloner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-8-34","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic minority and low-income hotspots and their geographic proximity to integrated care providers","volume":"8","author":"Guerrero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"264","volume-title":"Racism and psychiatry: Contemporary issues and interventions","author":"Medlock","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876","article-title":"Buprenorphine treatment divide by race\/ethnicity and payment","volume":"76","author":"Lagisetty","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203050972","volume-title":"Mental health Care in the African-American Community.","author":"Logan","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108551","article-title":"Experiences of racial discrimination in the medical setting and associations with medical mistrust and expectations of care among black patients seeking addiction treatment","volume":"133","author":"Hall","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Subst Abus Treat"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.028","article-title":"Prevalence and pathways of recovery from drug and alcohol problems in the United States population: implications for practice, research, and policy","volume":"181","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref26","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v40.3.01","article-title":"Abstinence not required: expanding the definition of recovery from alcohol use disorder","volume":"44","author":"Witkiewitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2007.04.015","article-title":"Addiction recovery: its definition and conceptual boundaries","volume":"33","author":"White","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Subst Abus Treat"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2007.06.001","article-title":"What is recovery? A working definition from the Betty ford institute","volume":"33","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Subst Abus Treat"},{"key":"ref30","year":""},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2007.04.014","article-title":"What does recovery mean to you? Lessons from the recovery experience for research and practice","volume":"33","author":"Laudet","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Subst Abus Treat"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359.2014.930132","article-title":"A biaxial formulation of the recovery construct","volume":"23","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict Res Theory"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/07347324.2014.949098","article-title":"An interpretive phenomenological analysis of secular, spiritual, and religious pathways of long-term addiction recovery","volume":"32","author":"Flaherty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol Treat Q"},{"key":"ref34","volume-title":"Individual Drug Counseling (No. NIH Pub. No. 99-4380; Therapy Manuals for Drug Addiction Series). National Institute on Drug Abuse","author":"Mercer","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13604","article-title":"Beyond abstinence: changes in indices of quality of life with time in recovery in a nationally representative sample of U.S adults","volume":"42","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2022.05.007","article-title":"The protective wall of human community: the new evidence on the clinical and public health utility of twelve-step mutual-help organizations and related treatments","volume":"45","author":"Kelly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.05.038","article-title":"Alcohol use disorder relapse factors: a systematic review","volume":"278","author":"Sliedrecht","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2023.09.001","article-title":"Substance use and opioid-related stigma among Black communities in the rural south","volume":"46","author":"Cody","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108927","article-title":"Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: exploring potential facilitators and barriers to use","volume":"227","author":"Hollander","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref40","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref41","author":"Vuono","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-019-00372-2","article-title":"Alcohol outlet clusters and population disparities","volume":"97","author":"Trangenstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2016.77.68","article-title":"Race, ethnicity, and exposure to alcohol outlets","volume":"77","author":"Morrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100669","article-title":"What explains the concentration of off-premise alcohol outlets in Black neighborhoods?","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSM - Population Health"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00119-0","article-title":"Increasing overdose deaths among Black Americans: a review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Gibbons","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-01126-3","article-title":"Experiences of the changing illicit drug supply among racial and ethnic minoritized people in three US states: a qualitative study","volume":"21","author":"Saloner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2024.112488","article-title":"An examination of Black-White disparities in repeat nonfatal opioid overdose incidents, fatal drug overdose, and all-cause mortality in Detroit, Michigan","volume":"265","author":"Victor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-022-01384-6","article-title":"The opioid epidemic: a crisis disproportionately impacting Black Americans and urban communities","volume":"10","author":"Gondr\u00e9-Lewis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080802289762","article-title":"Conceptualizing recovery capital: expansion of a theoretical construct","volume":"43","author":"Cloud","year":"2008","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209238","article-title":"The impact of spiritual well-being and social support on substance use treatment outcomes within a sample of predominantly Black\/African American adults","volume":"158","author":"Kane","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Substance Use and Addiction Treatment"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109405","article-title":"Factors supporting substance use improvement for Black Americans: a population health observational study","volume":"234","author":"Sahker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2016.77.792","article-title":"The role of religious involvement in Black\u2013White differences in alcohol use disorders","volume":"77","author":"Ransome","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/0022042613491108","article-title":"The religious and spiritual dimensions of cutting down and stopping cocaine use: a qualitative exploration among African Americans in the south","volume":"44","author":"Cheney","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1300\/J233v05n01_01","article-title":"The role of African-American clergy in providing informal services to drug users in the rural south: preliminary ethnographic findings","volume":"5","author":"Sexton","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Ethn Subst Abus"},{"key":"ref55","author":"Black","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","article-title":"Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups","volume":"19","author":"Tong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"ref57","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Surveillance of health status in minority communities- racial and ethnic approaches to community health across the U.S. (REACH U.S.) risk Factor survey","volume":"60","author":"Liao","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108218","article-title":"A feasibility study providing substance use treatment in the Black church","volume":"124","author":"Jordan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Subst Abus Treat"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2014.75.999","article-title":"Elements that define recovery: the experiential perspective","volume":"75","author":"Kaskutas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203413081_chapter_9","article-title":"Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research","volume-title":"Analyzing qualitative data","author":"Ritchie","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"8","article-title":"Framework analysis: a qualitative methodology for applied policy research","author":"Srivastava","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa064115","article-title":"Release from prison \u2014 a high risk of death for former inmates","volume":"356","author":"Binswanger","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304514","article-title":"Opioid overdose mortality among former North Carolina inmates: 2000\u20132015","volume":"108","author":"Ranapurwala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00480-w","article-title":"\u201cMy first 48 hours out\u201d: drug users\u2019 perspectives on challenges and strategies upon release from prison","volume":"18","author":"Jamin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02871.x","article-title":"Interpersonal factors and post-treatment drinking and subjective wellbeing","volume":"92","author":"Beattie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2014.965870","article-title":"Investigating social support and network relationships in substance use disorder recovery","volume":"36","author":"Stevens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1300\/J020v20n03_11","article-title":"The response of African American communities to alcohol and other drug problems: an opportunity for treatment providers","volume":"20","author":"Sanders","year":"2002","journal-title":"Alcohol Treat Q"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03593.x","article-title":"Determining the relative importance of the mechanisms of behavior change within alcoholics anonymous: a multiple mediator analysis","volume":"107","author":"Kelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2024.209337","article-title":"A systematic qualitative study investigating why individuals attend, and what they like, dislike, and find most helpful about, smart recovery, alcoholics anonymous, both, or neither","volume":"161","author":"Kelly","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Substance Use and Addiction Treatment"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.02.004","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the comparative efficacy of women for sobriety, LifeRing, SMART recovery, and 12-step groups for those with AUD","volume":"88","author":"Zemore","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Subst Abus Treat"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2024.111406","article-title":"Integrated behavioral interventions for adults with alcohol use disorder: a systematic review","volume":"263","author":"Hallihan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-023-00489-0","article-title":"\u201cCulturally responsive\u201d substance use treatment: contemporary definitions and approaches for Minoritized racial\/ethnic groups","volume":"10","author":"Banks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-020-00318-x","article-title":"Prevalence and perceived importance of racial matching in the psychotherapeutic dyad: a national survey of addictions treatment clinical practices","volume":"15","author":"Steinfeldt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1037\/prj0000301","article-title":"Defining \u201cpeerness\u201d: developing peer supports for parents with mental illnesses","volume":"41","author":"Nicholson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatr Rehabil J"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209136","article-title":"Lessons learned from employing Medicaid-funded peer recovery support specialists in residential substance use treatment settings: an exploratory analysis","volume":"154","author":"Wallis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Substance Use and Addiction Treatment"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2016.1198798","article-title":"The entanglement between relapse and posttreatment criminal justice involvement","volume":"42","author":"Kopak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000293","article-title":"Reentry interventions that address substance use: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Serv"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.023","article-title":"Sex and gender-related differences in alcohol use and its consequences: contemporary knowledge and future research considerations","volume":"156","author":"Erol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03490140080039","article-title":"Gender disparities in treatment for alcohol problems","volume":"268","author":"Weisner","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v40.2.09","article-title":"Alcohol-related disparities among women: evidence and potential explanations","volume":"40","author":"Mulia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v40.2.05","article-title":"The role of stress, trauma, and negative affect in alcohol misuse and alcohol use disorder in women","volume":"40","author":"Barros Guinle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.09.007","article-title":"Domestic violence and alcohol use: trauma-related symptoms and motives for drinking","volume":"32","author":"Kaysen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.95574911.x","article-title":"Natural recovery from alcohol and drug problems: methodological review of the research with suggestions for future directions","volume":"95","author":"Sobell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addiction"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1537059\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T05:40:30Z","timestamp":1746078030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1537059\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1537059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1537059","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"article-number":"1537059"}}