{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T16:42:00Z","timestamp":1789231320550,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Untreated dental caries remains a significant public health issue, particularly among children and adolescents from low-income families, where disparities persist. The COVID-19 public health emergency (PHE) changed dental care practices, leading to an increased focus on minimally aerosolizing treatments such as silver diamine fluoride (SDF). This study aimed to describe the temporal changes in SDF utilization among Medicaid-enrolled children across the United States before and during the first half of the COVID-19 PHE. Additionally, the study examined the impact of demographics and state-level policies on SDF utilization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a multiyear cross-sectional study using enrollment and claims data from the Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System (T-MSIS) for 2019, 2020, and 2021. The study population included Medicaid and Children\u2019s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) beneficiaries aged &amp;lt;21\u202fyears. We analyzed SDF utilization rates and compared them with other dental services, stratifying the data by age, sex, race\/ethnicity, and rurality. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to identify significant predictors of SDF utilization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included approximately 39 million children each year. SDF utilization per 1,000 enrollees increased from 9.10 in 2019 to 16.81 in 2021, with the most significant increases observed in children aged 0\u20136\u202fyears, those living in rural areas, and American Indian\/Alaskan Native children. The state-level reimbursement policy for SDF was the most significant predictor, with children in states with such policies being 10.5 times more likely to receive SDF treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The COVID-19 PHE significantly impacted SDF utilization among Medicaid-enrolled children, highlighting the importance of state-level policies. The findings can be used to develop targeted approaches for clinicians to improve access to SDF treatment to address oral health disparities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1546365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T01:25:39Z","timestamp":1742952339000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pandemic-driven shift: increase in silver diamine fluoride utilization among Medicaid-enrolled children during the COVID-19 public health emergency"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Beau D.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Shoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia I.","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2017.04.013","article-title":"Trends in dental caries in children and adolescents according to poverty status in the United States from 1999 through 2004 and from 2011 through 2014","volume":"148","author":"Dye","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Oral health surveillance report: Trends in dental caries and sealants, tooth retention, and edentulism, United States, 1999\u20132004 to 2011\u20132016","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/jphd.12261","article-title":"Two decades of persisting income-disparities in dental caries among U.S. children and adolescents","volume":"78","author":"Slade","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Public Health Dent"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E82","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd17.200266","article-title":"Oral health and COVID-19: increasing the need for prevention and access","volume":"17","author":"Brian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/19424396.2016.12220962","article-title":"UCSF protocol for caries arrest using silver diamine fluoride: rationale, indications and consent","volume":"44","author":"Horst","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Calif Dent Assoc"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"135","article-title":"Use of silver diamine fluoride for dental caries Management in Children and Adolescents, including those with special health care needs","volume":"39","author":"Crystal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/jphd.12561","article-title":"Trends in dental insurance claims in the United States in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: a 3-year perspective (2019-2022)","volume":"83","author":"Maupome","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Public Health Dent"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"32","article-title":"Financial impact of COVID-19 on dental Care for Pediatric Patients: a dental claims review","volume":"45","author":"Rector","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2021.02.016","article-title":"2020 trends in dental office visits during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"152","author":"Kranz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2023.11.005","article-title":"Changes in dental visits and oral health for children by race and ethnicity during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"155","author":"Kranz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/jphd.12491","article-title":"Trends in dental insurance claims in the United States before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2020","volume":"82","author":"Maupome","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Public Health Dent"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"2024"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":""},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes - 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