{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:44:56Z","timestamp":1792032296754,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012325","name":"National Social Science Fund of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17ZDA121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17ZDA121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to compare hospitalization costs between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and non-traumatic brain injury (non-TBI) patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) to explore cost determinants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective analysis was conducted on 210 DoC inpatients admitted to Shenzhen Longcheng Hospital, a tertiary rehabilitation hospital located in China\u2019s Pearl River Delta region, between 2015 and 2020. Patients were categorized into TBI (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f44) and non-TBI (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f166) groups based on etiology. Demographic, clinical, and hospitalization cost data were collected for each patient. The study compared the cost composition for DoC patients by etiology and used multivariate analysis to identify factors influencing hospitalization costs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The median length of stay (LOS) and cost for TBI patients were 363.5\u202fdays and $57,366.05, respectively, while for non-TBI patients, the medians were 280.5\u202fdays and $57,117.64. Across both groups, the highest cost components were rehabilitation, medication, and treatment expenses. Factors associated with higher hospitalization costs included non-TBI etiology, local residents, medical insurance, LOS, self-employed, surgical treatment, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hospitalization cost structures were similar across etiologies, emphasizing value-driven care priorities. Key factors associated with higher hospitalization costs included non-TBI etiology, local residency, medical insurance, LOS, self-employment status, surgery, and TCM. These findings highlight key drivers of healthcare costs in DoC care, emphasizing the need for targeted policy interventions. However, given the limitations of this study, further research with larger, more diverse samples is essential to comprehensively assess the impact of costs on patient outcomes and care quality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1552162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T05:24:00Z","timestamp":1744867440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The cost of rehabilitation after critical illness: a comparison of hospitalization costs for traumatic brain injury and non-traumatic brain injury patients with disorders of consciousness"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Miao","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongmou","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yansui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12483","article-title":"The vegetative state\/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: a systematic review of prevalence studies","volume":"21","author":"van Erp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i12.2520","article-title":"Recovery from prolonged disorders of consciousness: a dual-center prospective cohort study in China","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1488","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010254","article-title":"Multicenter prospective study on predictors of short-term outcome in disorders of consciousness","volume":"95","author":"Estraneo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.10.040","article-title":"Rationale and design of the prospective German registry of outcome in patients with severe disorders of consciousness after acute brain injury","volume":"94","author":"Grill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15143","article-title":"Risk factors for 2-year mortality in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness: an international multicentre study","volume":"29","author":"Estraneo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11050651","article-title":"One-year demographical and clinical indices of patients with chronic disorders of consciousness","volume":"11","author":"Nekrasova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005926","article-title":"Practice guideline update recommendations summary: disorders of consciousness: report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of neurology; 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