{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T19:38:01Z","timestamp":1792611481432,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rising annual incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) has become a significant health challenge for men worldwide. The study aims to estimate the contemporary disease burden of PCa across global, regional, and national levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) was analyzed to evaluate trends in PCa incidence, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and mortality from 1990 to 2021. Determinants of PCa burden were investigated through Spearman correlation analysis with socio-demographic index (SDI), decomposition analysis, and frontier analysis to assess regional improvement potential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In 2021, global PCa incidence reached 1.32 million cases [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 1217320.93, 1400222.17]. Between 1990 and 2021, the global estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), prevalence rates (ASPR), DALYs rates (ASDR), and mortality rates (ASMR) were declined or increased at \u22120.06% [95% confidence interval (CI): \u22120.21, 0.08], 0.42% (95% CI: 0.26, 0.58), \u22120.96% (95% CI: \u22121.05, \u22120.87), and \u22120.58% (95% CI: \u22120.73, \u22120.44), respectively. Low-middle SDI countries exhibited the steepest rate increases, with males over 50\u202fyears being most affected. Significant positive correlations emerged between SDI levels and ASIR (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.543,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) or ASPR (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.709,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), whereas EAPC of ASDR (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f\u22120.430,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) or ASMR (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f\u22120.450,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) inversely correlated with SDI among 204 countries and territories. Decomposition analysis revealed the global increase of DALYs for PCa was predominantly attributed to aging (77.65%) and population growth (58.59%). Frontier analysis identified substantial improvement potential across development spectra, particularly in middle to high SDI regions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings demonstrated that despite modest declines in ASDR and ASMR within high SDI regions, PCa burden metrics persistently increased in low-middle SDI quintiles. Nations across all development levels require urgent implementation of evidence-based policies and precision management strategies to mitigate this growing public health challenge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1553747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:10:51Z","timestamp":1747786251000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The global, regional, and national prostate cancer burden and trends from 1990 to 2021, results from the global burden of disease study 2021"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaomu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiou","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811044","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.811044","article-title":"Prostate cancer incidence and mortality: global status and temporal trends in 89 countries from 2000 to 2019","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J 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