{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:18:18Z","timestamp":1792081098703,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy originating from plasma cells with clinical manifestations such as hypercalcemia, cytopenias (most commonly anemia) and renal failure. Here, we analyzed the disease burden and changing trends of MM in China from 1990 to 2021, aiming to provide a scientific and effective basis for the prevention and control of MM disease in China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We extracted MM related data from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2021 database from 1990 to 2021. It is described according to incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs) and other indicators. Using Joinpoint regression model to analyze the long-term trends of disease burden of MM in China. Using the age-period-cohort (apc) model to analyze the impact of age, period, and birth cohort on the burden of MM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is estimated that in 2021, there were 17,250 new cases of MM in China, with 47,004 cases and 12,984 deaths. The age-standardized incidence (ASIR), prevalence (ASPR) and mortality rates (ASMR) per 100,000 people were 0.81 (95% CI: 0.52, 1.07), 2.19 (95% CI: 1.37, 2.90) and 0.62 (95% CI: 0.40, 0.81), respectively. A comparison of ASIR, ASPR and ASMR in 2021 with those in 1990 indicated an increase. The ASIR and ASMR of males are higher than those of females overall, and both were increasing with age. The ASIR exhibited a gradual upward trend, while ASPR (AAPC\u202f=\u202f6.43, 95% CI: 5.90, 6.96) demonstrated the most substantial increase. The apc model indicated the net drift was found to be 3.70% (95%CI: 3.32, 4.08%) per year for incidence and 2.57% (95%CI: 2.24, 2.89%) per year for mortality. The effects of age, period, and cohort on the incidence and mortality rates exhibited significant variations. The incidence risk increased with age, but the mortality risk showed fluctuations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The trends of MM disease burden in China continued to increase from 1990 to 2021. MM will be a major challenge for the future healthcare sector in China, where the population base is large and gradually aging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1554485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T07:26:14Z","timestamp":1739345174000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Long-term trends in the burden of multiple myeloma in China: a Joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort analysis based on GBD 2021"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yanyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanxin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuli","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.27422","article-title":"Multiple myeloma: 2024 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management","volume":"99","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e538","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70442-5","article-title":"International myeloma working group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma","volume":"15","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5501","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-07-298760","article-title":"Racial disparities in incidence and outcome in multiple myeloma: a population-based study","volume":"116","author":"Waxman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e670","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(22)00165-X","article-title":"The epidemiological landscape of multiple myeloma: a global cancer registry estimate of disease burden, risk factors, and temporal trends","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022017635","article-title":"How I treat multiple myeloma in geriatric patients","volume":"143","author":"Facon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01513","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of multiple myeloma in urban area in China: A National Population-Based Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","article-title":"Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00367-2","article-title":"Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-03223-2","article-title":"Multiple myeloma","volume":"587","author":"Outlook","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.27327","article-title":"High-risk multiple myeloma: redefining genetic, clinical, and functional high-risk disease in the era of molecular medicine and immunotherapy","volume":"99","author":"Rees","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci9010003","article-title":"Epidemiology, staging, and Management of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"9","author":"Padala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17237","article-title":"Sex differences in outcomes in multiple myeloma","volume":"192","author":"Derman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-15-0953","article-title":"A pooled analysis of reproductive factors, exogenous hormone use, and risk of multiple myeloma among women in the international multiple myeloma consortium","volume":"25","author":"Costas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2018.1538511","article-title":"Estrogen promotes multiple myeloma through enhancing the immunosuppressive activity of MDSC","volume":"60","author":"Ozerova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4507","article-title":"Estrogen-responsive gene MAST4 regulates myeloma bone disease","volume":"37","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16674","article-title":"Incidence and survival of multiple myeloma: a population-based study of 10524 patients diagnosed 1982-2017","volume":"191","author":"Langseth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32996","article-title":"National and subnational mortality trends of multiple myeloma in China, 2013-2020: Empirical evidence from national mortality","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-021-04592-y","article-title":"Phase II clinical trial of personalized VCD-VTD sequential therapy using the Vulnerable Elders Survey-13 (VES-13) for transplant-ineligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma","volume":"100","author":"Nakazato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"djae321","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djae321","article-title":"The global multiple myeloma incidence and mortality burden in 2022 and predictions for 2045","volume":"10","author":"Mafra","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32136-1","article-title":"10 years of health-care reform in China: progress and gaps in Universal Health Coverage","volume":"394","author":"Yip","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5428","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-0866","article-title":"New developments in diagnosis, prognosis, and assessment of response in multiple myeloma","volume":"22","author":"Landgren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02410-2","article-title":"Population ageing in China: crisis or opportunity?","volume":"400","author":"Lancet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-08-104984","article-title":"Recent major improvement in long-term survival of younger patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"111","author":"Brenner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2021.04.011","article-title":"Influence of prognostic nutritional index and controlling nutritional status on the prognosis of patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"42","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1554485\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T07:26:17Z","timestamp":1739345177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1554485\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1554485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1554485","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"article-number":"1554485"}}