{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T04:57:46Z","timestamp":1794200266071,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of all the injuries on a global scale, traumatic brain injury (TBI) has the most serious consequences for the individual. Depending on its severity, it can be classified as minor, moderate, or severe, but even minor TBI can sometimes still cause severe functional deficits. This study seeks to assess the latest burden of TBI and analyze their differences in terms of country, age, sex, and cause.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the Global Burden of Diseases database, the incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), and causes of total head injuries, minor TBI, and moderate\/severe TBI from 1990 to 2021 were analyzed separately by sex, age group, and region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2021, there were 20,837,465 [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 18,128,306\u201323,839,393] new cases of TBI worldwide, with an age-standardized incidence of 259 cases per 100,000 population (95% UI: 226\u2013296). From 1990 to 2021, there was a decline in global age-standardized incidence (estimated annual percentage change: \u22120.11, 95% UI: \u22120.18% to \u22120.04%). In 2021, countries with higher rates will be mainly in Central and Eastern Europe and the Middle East. In 2021, the global incidence of TBI in all age groups was higher in men than in women. Falls are the leading cause for most age groups in most areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TBI still accounts for a significant portion of the global injury burden in 2021, but differences do exist between countries. This study introduced the possibility of TBI with different degrees and the trend of injury causes in different age groups and regions from 1990 to 2021, providing a basis for further research on injury causes in different regions and formulating corresponding policies and protection measures in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1556147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T01:18:39Z","timestamp":1744593519000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Global, regional, and national burdens of traumatic brain injury from 1990 to 2021"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Junqing","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bangqing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4430","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12386-1","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury incidence and mortality: a large population-based study","volume":"271","author":"Barbiellini Amidei","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1918-4","article-title":"Association between continuous hyperosmolar therapy and survival in patients with traumatic brain injury - a multicentre prospective cohort study and systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Asehnoune","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3180340e77","article-title":"Epidemiology and 12-month outcomes from traumatic brain injury in Australia and New Zealand","volume":"64","author":"Myburgh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01018","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1018","article-title":"Disability and quality of life 20 years after traumatic brain injury","volume":"8","author":"Andelic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78075-3_34","article-title":"Long-term outcome following traumatic brain injury","volume":"8","author":"Sloan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Impairment"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1713","article-title":"Medical care costs associated with traumatic brain injury over the full spectrum of disease: a controlled population-based study","volume":"29","author":"Leibson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03590.x","article-title":"The economic cost of brain disorders in Europe","volume":"19","author":"Olesen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2012.722256","article-title":"Treatment costs and productivity losses caused by traumatic brain injuries","volume":"26","author":"Tuominen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"396","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","article-title":"Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30388-9","article-title":"Guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting: the GATHER statement","volume":"388","author":"Stevens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"370","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e712","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00069-8","article-title":"Disability weights for the global burden of disease 2013 study","volume":"3","author":"Salomon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008953201688","article-title":"Partitioning linear trends in age-adjusted rates","volume":"11","author":"Hankey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2013.351","article-title":"Causes and patterns of adult traumatic head injuries in Saudi Arabia: implications for injury prevention","volume":"33","author":"Al-Habib","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.07.070","article-title":"Incidence, demographics, and outcome of traumatic brain injury in The Middle East: a systematic review","volume":"107","author":"El-Menyar","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2017.1","article-title":"Outcomes of road traffic injuries before and after the implementation of a camera ticketing system: a retrospective study from a large trauma center in Saudi Arabia","volume":"37","author":"Alghnam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"A road safety technical package","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6623","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126623","article-title":"Secular trend, seasonal variation, epidemiological pattern, and outcome of traumatic head Injuries due to road traffic accidents in Aseer, Saudi Arabia","volume":"18","author":"Algahtany","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpam.2018.08.002","article-title":"Impact of vision 2030 on traffic safety in Saudi Arabia","volume":"5","author":"Dahim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2016.1170880","article-title":"Injury profiles, demography and representativeness of patients with TBI attending a regional emergency department","volume":"30","author":"Ala-Seppala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30677-2","article-title":"Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the global burden of disease study","volume":"396","author":"Vollset","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e907","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00231-0","article-title":"Burden of falls among people aged 60 years and older in mainland China, 1990-2019: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"6","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref24","year":""},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02535-6","article-title":"Afghanistan: the international community must act","volume":"398","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2015.1071428","article-title":"Acute predictors for mortality after severe TBI in Spain: gender differences and clinical data","volume":"29","author":"Herrera-Melero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00918-7","article-title":"Saving lives through road safety risk factor interventions: global and national estimates","volume":"400","author":"Vecino-Ortiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref28","volume-title":"Global status report on road safety 2023: Summary","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"afac205","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afac205","article-title":"World guidelines for falls prevention and management for older adults: a global initiative","volume":"51","author":"Montero-Odasso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.108258","article-title":"Killer heuristic optimized convolution neural network-based fall detection with wearable IoT sensor devices","volume":"167","author":"Alarifi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2911602","article-title":"A patient-specific single sensor IoT-based wearable fall prediction and detection system","volume":"27","author":"Saadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103784","article-title":"The effectiveness of e-interventions on fall, neuromuscular functions and quality of life in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"113","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy037","article-title":"2018 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope","volume":"39","author":"Brignole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489417718847","article-title":"Benign paroxysmal positional Vertigo: management and its impact on falls","volume":"126","author":"Jumani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264308324672","article-title":"Environmental interventions to prevent falls in community-dwelling older people: a meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"20","author":"Clemson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Aging Health"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12222266","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury as a public health issue: epidemiology, prognostic factors and useful data from forensic practice","volume":"12","author":"Karaboue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003627","article-title":"National guideline for the field triage of injured patients: recommendations of the National Expert Panel on field triage, 2021","volume":"93","author":"Newgard","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(74)91639-0","article-title":"Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale","volume":"2","author":"Teasdale","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04561-X","article-title":"The Canadian CT head rule for patients with minor head injury","volume":"357","author":"Stiell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2016.4686","article-title":"Mortality and prehospital blood pressure in patients with major traumatic brain injury: implications for the hypotension threshold","volume":"152","author":"Spaite","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001432","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, fourth edition","volume":"80","author":"Carney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-016-3046-3","article-title":"A review of the clinical utility of serum S100B protein levels in the assessment of traumatic brain injury","volume":"159","author":"Thelin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30231-X","article-title":"Serum GFAP and UCH-L1 for prediction of absence of intracranial injuries on head CT (ALERT-TBI): a multicentre observational study","volume":"17","author":"Bazarian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14366","article-title":"Accuracy of a rapid glial fibrillary acidic protein\/ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 test for the prediction of intracranial injuries on head computed tomography after mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"28","author":"Bazarian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7140","article-title":"Point-of-care platform blood biomarker testing of glial fibrillary acidic protein versus S100 calcium-binding protein B for prediction of traumatic brain Injuries: a transforming research and clinical knowledge in traumatic brain injury study","volume":"37","author":"Okonkwo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102785","article-title":"Blood biomarkers on admission in acute traumatic brain injury: relations to severity, CT findings and care path in the CENTER-TBI study","volume":"56","author":"Czeiter","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X22666240808124427","article-title":"MiRNA dysregulation in brain injury: an in Silico study to clarify the role of a MiRNA set","volume":"23","author":"Sessa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1556147\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T01:18:41Z","timestamp":1744593521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1556147\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1556147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1556147","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"article-number":"1556147"}}