{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:11:47Z","timestamp":1793211107357,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anxiety disorders, depression and schizophrenia are the focus of global mental health attention, resulting in a significant number of disability-adjusted life years and a considerable social and economic burden. It\u2019s can affect the socioeconomic landscape as a result of experiencing a global epidemic. And rarely, different Socio-demographic Index (SDI) levels and Age-Period-Cohort (APC) have been used to evaluate the prevalence of mental disorders worldwide.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 (GBD) database, this study assessed trends in the incidence and prevalence of anxiety disorders, depression, and schizophrenia in countries with different SDI levels from 1990 to 2021. Joinpoint and periodic cohort (APC) models were used to sort out the effects of age, period and cohort on incidence. Data were categorized into 5-year age groups and 95% uncertainty intervals (UI) were calculated to account for data variability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In countries with different SDI levels, the age-standardized average annual percentage change (AAPC) in the incidence of anxiety were all shown to be increasing, and there were large gender differences between the different SDI levels, with a maximum of 0.97 (0.76\u20131.18) for females in countries with a high SDI level, Age-standardized more rates per 100,000 people in high SDI countries, from 658.87 in 1990 to 841.56 in 2021, and the largest gender differences in countries with a low to moderate SDI level, with AAPCs for males and females of 0.04 (0.04\u20130.05), 0.86 (0.63\u20131.09); for depression, only the countries with medium-high SDI levels were statistically significant compared to the countries with medium-low SDI levels, with AAPCs of 0.05 (0.04\u20130.07), 0.04 (0.04\u20130.05); for schizophrenia in addition to the AAPCs of the countries with medium-high SDI levels showed an increase of 0.16 (0.13\u20130.18); the rest decreased.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study highlights the current status of global incidence and prevalence of mental disorders and examines the complex interactions between the period of onset and cohort of onset of mental disorders using APC modeling, with differences in gender differences in mental disorders in countries with different SDIs, and significant differences in countries with low to medium SDI levels, requiring further exploration of the mechanisms by which socio-economic development influences gender-specific mental health. Countries with different SDI levels have responded to unique trends within their specific socioeconomic, cultural, and historical contexts, suggesting the need for contextualized public health strategies to effectively respond to and manage the incidence and prevalence of mental disorders in these different settings. Prevalence of mental disorders. This points the way to more in-depth future research on treatments and interventions for mental disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1556981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T14:50:25Z","timestamp":1747407025000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["GBD: incidence rates and prevalence of anxiety disorders, depression and schizophrenia in countries with different SDI levels, 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