{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:14:58Z","timestamp":1793330098892,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epidemiological data concerning Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) in children aged 0\u201314\u202fyears remain limited. This study examines the trends in incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), as well as the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) associated with childhood Burkitt Lymphoma within this demographic from 1990 to 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 2021 Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) analytical tools were utilized to evaluate the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with childhood Burkitt Lymphoma in individuals aged 0\u201314\u202fyears. This analysis incorporated variables such as age, sex, region, and sociodemographic index (SDI), utilizing data from 204 countries or regions. A comprehensive examination of health disparities was undertaken to investigate variations in mortality and DALYs among different population groups. Additionally, the Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was employed to forecast incidence, mortality, and DALYs through the year 2035.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 2021, a total of 4,083 cases of childhood Burkitt Lymphoma were documented globally. This represents an increase from 2,800 cases reported in 1990, with a 95% uncertainty interval (UI) ranging from 1,609.001 to 3,989.282, to 4,083 cases in 2021 (95% UI, 2,619.594 to 5,376.872), indicating a 31.45% rise over the period. During this 30-year span, the global incidence rate escalated from 0.172 per 100,000 individuals in 1990 (95% UI, 0.099 to 0.245) to 0.216 per 100,000 individuals in 2021 (95% UI, 0.138 to 0.285). Concurrently, the mortality rate associated with childhood Burkitt Lymphoma increased from 0.152 per 100,000 individuals in 1990 (95% UI, 0.079 to 0.224) to 0.163 per 100,000 individuals in 2021 (95% UI, 0.100 to 0.216). The highest incidence in 2021 was recorded in Sub-Saharan East Africa, while Sub-Saharan Southern Africa experienced the most pronounced increase in incidence, with an annual percent change (APC) of 3.226% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.092\u20134.373%). The age group most affected was children aged 5\u20139\u202fyears, who constituted 33.3% of the cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between 1990 and 2021, there was a notable rise in the incidence of childhood Burkitt Lymphoma, with a pronounced increase observed in Sub-Saharan Africa. The age group of 5\u20139\u202fyears exhibited the highest incidence and mortality rates, underscoring the critical need for early diagnosis and intervention. Although regions with high Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) have demonstrated advancements in reducing mortality rates, areas with low SDI necessitate improved medical resources and the implementation of standardized treatment protocols. The escalating incidence in specific regions underscores the urgent need for comprehensive research into the disease\u2019s etiology and the development of enhanced prevention strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1560003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T05:36:48Z","timestamp":1752644208000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Global, regional, and national epidemiology of childhood Burkitt Lymphoma from 1990 to 2021: statistical analysis of incidence, mortality, and DALYs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bing","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiezhi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengmei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaxue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjiang","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","author":"Graham","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008027","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008027","article-title":"Genetic signatures of gene flow and malaria-driven natural selection in sub-Saharan populations of the \"endemic Burkitt Lymphoma belt\"","volume":"15","author":"Gouveia","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14051284","article-title":"Epigenetic alteration of the cancer-related gene TGFBI in B cells infected with Epstein-Barr virus and exposed to aflatoxin B1: potential role in Burkitt lymphoma development","volume":"14","author":"Manara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2018.1535771","article-title":"Treatment outcomes of adult Burkitt lymphoma: results with a modified LMB protocol in Brazil and feasibility of outpatient administration","volume":"30","author":"Silva Junior","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Chemother"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e104","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70008-1","article-title":"Paediatric cancer in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"14","author":"Magrath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15785","article-title":"Optimizing outcomes for children with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in low- and middle-income countries by early correct diagnosis, reducing toxic death and preventing abandonment","volume":"185","author":"Chantada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00986","article-title":"Recent advances in the targeting of epigenetic regulators in B-cell non-Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"10","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2015.0198","article-title":"Emerging treatment options for B-cell lymphomas","volume":"13","author":"Zelenetz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Cancer Netw"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23187","article-title":"Pediatric, elderly, and emerging adult-onset peaks in Burkitt's lymphoma incidence diagnosed in four continents, excluding Africa","volume":"87","author":"Mbulaiteye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00478-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-04-844472","article-title":"How I treat Burkitt lymphoma in children, adolescents, and young adults in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"132","author":"Gopal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00195-6","article-title":"Changes in health in England, with analysis by English regions and areas of deprivation, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013","volume":"386","author":"Newton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","article-title":"Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","article-title":"The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"61","author":"von Elm","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(20000215)19:3<335::AID-SIM336>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14604","article-title":"Comparative genomic expression signatures of signal transduction pathways and targets in paediatric Burkitt lymphoma: a children's oncology group report","volume":"177","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-06-538504","article-title":"How I treat Burkitt lymphoma in adults","volume":"124","author":"Jacobson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13969","article-title":"Recent molecular and therapeutic advances in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children","volume":"173","author":"Giulino-Roth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E61-4","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.22165","article-title":"Efficacy and toxicity of a rituximab and methotrexate based regimen (GMALL B-ALL\/NHL 2002 protocol) in Burkitt's and primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"86","author":"Pohlen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0752-3","article-title":"Novel and emerging therapies for B cell lymphoma","volume":"12","author":"Ayyappan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30066-X","article-title":"Global efforts toward the cure of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","volume":"2","author":"Pui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3370","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in childhood cancer drug development","volume":"12","author":"Norris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd005198","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858","article-title":"Therapeutic interventions for Burkitt lymphoma in children","volume":"2011","author":"Okebe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-019-0861-8","article-title":"Upfront therapies and downstream effects: navigating late effects in childhood Cancer survivors in the current era","volume":"21","author":"Phelan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2024.307736","article-title":"School-based health centers are a critical component of health care for children: a public health of consequence","volume":"114","author":"Kapadia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.00709","article-title":"Principles and policies to strengthen child and adolescent health and well-being","volume":"39","author":"Perrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-020-00185-z","article-title":"Trends in disease burden of chronic myeloid leukemia at the global, regional, and national levels: a population-based epidemiologic study","volume":"9","author":"Ning","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-020-00181-3","article-title":"The global, regional, and national burden of kidney cancer and attributable risk factor analysis from 1990 to 2017","volume":"9","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.21147\/j.issn.1000-9604.2017.05.02","article-title":"Comparison of cancer incidence and mortality in three GDP per capita levels in China","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin J Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2020.100117","article-title":"Overcoming the data gap for the remote diagnosis of skin Cancer","volume":"1","author":"Farajnia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Patterns (N Y)"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04084","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04084","article-title":"The prevalence of vitamin a deficiency and its public health significance in children in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and modelling analysis","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-018-0762-8","article-title":"Inequalities in health and health risk factors in the southern African development community: evidence from world health surveys","volume":"17","author":"Umuhoza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2020.03.011","article-title":"Technologies for assessing vaccine responses in the very young","volume":"65","author":"Brodin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.03.002","article-title":"Lyme disease in children","volume":"36","author":"McCarthy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1087","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30353-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national mortality trends in older children and young adolescents (5-14 years) from 1990 to 2016: an analysis of empirical data","volume":"6","author":"Masquelier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e609","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00044-3","article-title":"Mortality risks in children aged 5-14 years in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic empirical analysis","volume":"3","author":"Hill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113516","article-title":"The special vulnerability of children","volume":"227","author":"Etzel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-017-8642-3","article-title":"Sex differences in pediatric rheumatology","volume":"56","author":"Cattalini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz058","article-title":"Enigmatic differences by sex in Cancer incidence: evidence from childhood cancers","volume":"188","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.01.027","article-title":"Exposure to chemicals and radiation during childhood and risk for cancer later in life","volume":"52","author":"Carpenter","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2011.01.009","article-title":"The importance of time of exposure to harmful anthropogenic factors as an element of cancer risk assessment in children","volume":"74","author":"Absalon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-019-0420-2","article-title":"Transforming tuberculosis (TB) service delivery model in China: issues and challenges for health workforce","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30187-0","article-title":"Investment in mental health services urgently needed in Nepal","volume":"3","author":"Khanal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.05.059","article-title":"Radiation oncology in Oman: current status and future challenges","volume":"108","author":"Al Balushi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28819","article-title":"Public education and targeted outreach to underserved women through the National Breast and cervical Cancer early detection program","volume":"120","author":"Levano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1560003\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T05:36:50Z","timestamp":1752644210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1560003\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1560003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1560003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"article-number":"1560003"}}