{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:22:44Z","timestamp":1791476564119,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The acceleration of China\u2019s aging process makes examining policy experiences from LTCI pilot cities highly significant for advancing the LTCI system in China and other emerging nations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Policy documents were gathered using Citespace 6.3.R1, with primary data sources obtained from official government websites. A comparative study of LTCI policies in pilot cities was conducted, focusing on policy support, participation scope, financing channels, benefit provision, care conditions, and management structures to evaluate the programs\u2019 logic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pilot cities have developed distinct approaches in the LTCI development process. However, issues persist, including a singular financing channel, misalignment between benefit provision supply and demand, substandard care quality, and the need for improved management effectiveness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Establishing a sustainable LTCI system requires implementing an independent financing mechanism and a standardized financial model, developing an efficient LTCI service supply framework, strengthening LTCI oversight and administration, and fostering the commercial insurance market.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1570794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T05:22:44Z","timestamp":1742534564000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluation of long-term care insurance pilot city policies in China: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kuan","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiran","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare7030099","article-title":"Family economic burden of elderly chronic diseases: evidence from China","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chieco.2017.05.001","article-title":"Trends in elderly health by cohort: evidence from China","volume":"44","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"China Econ Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-020-01215-7","article-title":"The effect of long-term care public benefits and insurance on informal care from outside the household: empirical evidence from Italy and Spain","volume":"21","author":"Courbage","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econ"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s42379-020-00054-6","article-title":"Cognitive function and mental health of elderly people in China: findings from 2018 Clhls survey","volume":"3","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Popul Dev Stud"},{"key":"ref5","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"The fifth sample survey on the living conditions of urban and rural senior residents","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2598","DOI":"10.3390\/su12072598","article-title":"Prediction of the number of and care costs for disabled elderly from 2020 to 2050: a comparison between urban and rural areas in China","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain For"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32136-X","article-title":"Long-term care system for older adults in China: policy landscape, challenges, and future prospects","volume":"396","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101174","article-title":"A research agenda for ageing in China in the 21st century (2nd edition): focusing on basic and translational research, Long-term care, policy and social networks","volume":"64","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3826","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16203826","article-title":"Evaluation of Long-term care insurance policy in Chinese pilot cities","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2009.0548","article-title":"Lessons from public long-term care insurance in Germany and Japan","volume":"29","author":"Campbell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1017\/S1474746407003739","article-title":"Rationale, design and sustainability of long-term care insurance in Japan \u2013 in retrospect","volume":"6","author":"Ikegami","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc Policy Soc"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1353\/chn.2022.0010","article-title":"The pilot programme of long-term care insurance in China: fragmentation and policy implications","volume":"20","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Int. 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