{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:30:36Z","timestamp":1753893036301,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gallstones are the most prevalent cause of hospitalization among digestive disorders. For humans, sleep is an essential physiological function. The relationship between gallstones and sleep is well established, but the consequences of weekend catch-up sleep (WCS) on gallstones remain unclear. This research examined the connection between gallstone disease and WCS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 6,957 participants from the 2017\u20132020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) who met the eligibility criteria and had complete data. Logistic regression, restricted cubic spline, and subgroup analyses were employed to assess the relationship between the presence of gallstones and WCS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study indicated that trouble sleeping and late sleep were risk factors for gallstones in a model adjusted for all covariates. The restricted cubic spline results revealed that WCS was negatively correlated linearly with gallstone disease. Additionally, subgroup analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between WCS &amp;gt; 2 hours and a lower risk of gallstones, particularly among non-smokers and males.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study results demonstrate that trouble sleeping and late sleep increase the incidence of gallstones. In addition, the protective effect of WCS &amp;gt; 2 hours on reducing the incidence of gallstones is particularly significant in individuals who are non-smokers and males, whereas in the smoking population, WCS &amp;lt; 0 hours serves as a protective factor against gallstones.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1573858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T05:15:54Z","timestamp":1747631754000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between weekend catch-up sleep and gallstone disease in US adults: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2017\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weishuai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jixuan","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangnan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000423","article-title":"An update on the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone disease","volume":"34","author":"Di Ciaula","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/bjs\/znac095","article-title":"Core outcome set for symptomatic uncomplicated gallstone disease","volume":"109","author":"Innes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.03.005","article-title":"EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones","volume":"65","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2020.0148","article-title":"The treatment of gallstone disease","volume":"117","author":"Gutt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dtsch Arzteblatt Int"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-017-0678-6","article-title":"Sex and ethnic\/racial-specific risk factors for gallbladder disease","volume":"17","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26563","article-title":"Elevated body mass index as a causal risk factor for symptomatic gallstone disease: a mendelian randomization study","volume":"58","author":"Stender","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatol Baltim Md"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.7.931","article-title":"Serum ascorbic acid and gallbladder disease prevalence among US adults: the third national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III)","volume":"160","author":"Simon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(66)90132-9","article-title":"The epidemiology of gallbladder disease: observations in the Framingham study","volume":"19","author":"Friedman","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270832","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/270832","article-title":"Sleep and metabolism: An overview","volume":"2010","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.02764.x","article-title":"Prevalence and 10-year outcomes of frailty in older adults in relation to deficit accumulation","volume":"58","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(08)70013-3","article-title":"Metabolic consequences of sleep and sleep loss","volume":"9","author":"Van Cauter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3934\/Neuroscience.2016.1.67","article-title":"Functions and mechanisms of sleep","volume":"3","author":"Zielinski","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIMS Neurosci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4716","article-title":"Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American academy of sleep medicine and sleep research society","volume":"38","author":"Watson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.08.008","article-title":"Association between sleep duration and bone mineral density in Chinese women","volume":"49","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13477","article-title":"Is self-reported sleep duration associated with osteoporosis? Data from a 4-year aggregated analysis from the national health and nutrition examination survey","volume":"63","author":"Cunningham","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3879","article-title":"Short sleep is associated with low bone mineral density and osteoporosis in the women\u2019s health initiative","volume":"35","author":"Ochs-Balcom","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796022000452","article-title":"The association between sleep and depressive symptoms in US adults: data from the NHANES (2007-2014)","volume":"31","author":"Chunnan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2013.08.023","article-title":"Weekend catch-up sleep is independently associated with suicide attempts and self-injury in Korean adolescents","volume":"55","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsx089","article-title":"Association between weekend catch-up sleep and lower body mass: population-based study","volume":"40","author":"Im","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2023.09.006","article-title":"Association between weekend catch-up sleep and cardiovascular disease: evidence from the national health and nutrition examination surveys 2017-2018","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.02.009","article-title":"Association between weekend catch-up sleep duration and hypertension in Korean adults","volume":"14","author":"Hwangbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.03.008","article-title":"Association between weekend catch-up sleep and depressive symptoms in American adults: finding from NHANES 2017-2020","volume":"354","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsaa010","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa010","article-title":"Association between weekend catch-up sleep and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in adults: a population-based study","volume":"43","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20824-y","article-title":"Association between sleep and gallstone disease in United States adults: a cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"Zhuang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S163071","article-title":"Sleeping hours: what is the ideal number and how does age impact this?","volume":"10","author":"Chaput","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640614554154","article-title":"Survey of digestive health across europe: final report. Part 1: the burden of gastrointestinal diseases and the organisation and delivery of gastroenterology services across europe","volume":"2","author":"Farthing","year":"2014","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v16.i4.1130","article-title":"Burden of gallstone disease in the United States population: Prepandemic rates and trends","volume":"16","author":"Unalp-Arida","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.10.010","article-title":"Weekend-weekday differences in diet among U.S. adults, 2003-2012","volume":"26","author":"An","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20512-x","article-title":"Associations between temporal eating patterns and energy distribution patterns with gallstones: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES 2017-2018","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000571","article-title":"Physical activity and the risk of gallstone disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02149-5","article-title":"The association between hypertension and the risk of gallstone disease: a cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfac069","article-title":"Comparison of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein vs. C-reactive protein for cardiovascular risk prediction in chronic cardiac disease","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Lab Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/s1091-255x(00)80055-4","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines alter human gallbladder epithelial cell absorption\/secretion","volume":"4","author":"Rege","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg Off J Soc Surg Aliment Tract"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.12.031","article-title":"Roles of infection, inflammation, and the immune system in cholesterol gallstone formation","volume":"136","author":"Maurer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M500180-JLR200","article-title":"Gallbladder histopathology during murine gallstone formation: relation to motility and concentrating function","volume":"47","author":"van Erpecum","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-004-0043-0","article-title":"Smooth muscle function and dysfunction in gallbladder disease","volume":"6","author":"Portincasa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2012.01935.x","article-title":"Disruption of gallbladder smooth muscle function is an early feature in the development of cholesterol gallstone disease","volume":"24","author":"Lavoie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453129","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1453129","article-title":"The relationship between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and gallstones: a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723918","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.723918","article-title":"Circadian rhythm disruption influenced hepatic lipid metabolism, gut microbiota and promoted cholesterol gallstone formation in mice","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1051","article-title":"The effects of light at night on circadian clocks and metabolism","volume":"35","author":"Fonken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E463","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2098","article-title":"Exposure to room light before bedtime suppresses melatonin onset and shortens melatonin duration in humans","volume":"96","author":"Gooley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-0195-5","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and the hypomotility of the gall bladder as targets for the treatment of gallstones with melatonin: a review","volume":"53","author":"Koppisetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12942-2","article-title":"Interaction between trouble sleeping and depression on hypertension in the NHANES 2005-2018","volume":"22","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.01.112","article-title":"The association between trouble sleeping and obesity among the U.S. elderly from NHANES 2011-2014: a moderated mediation model of depressive symptoms and cognitive function","volume":"350","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9727","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56703-0","article-title":"Association between vitamin C in serum and trouble sleeping based on NHANES 2017-2018","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154","article-title":"Appraising the causal role of smoking in multiple diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"82","author":"Larsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122412472048","article-title":"Gender and time for sleep among U.S. adults","volume":"78","author":"Burgard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12081765","article-title":"The interactions between smoking and sleep","volume":"12","author":"Grigoriou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1573858\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T05:15:54Z","timestamp":1747631754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1573858\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1573858"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1573858","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-2565"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"article-number":"1573858"}}