{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:16:23Z","timestamp":1787584583592,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>After China implemented the Urban and Rural Residents\u2019 Basic Medical Insurance (URRBMI) integration reform in 2016, medical costs for rural residents remain unalleviated. This might be attributed to the program\u2019s higher deductibles, combined with lower reimbursement rates and ceiling lines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using CHARLS data from 2013 - 2020, this study employs a two-stage Heckman model to examine the impact of changes in deductibles, reimbursement rates, and ceiling lines in the URRBMI reform on out-of-pocket (OOP) medical costs for rural residents. A fixed-effects DID model is also utilized for robustness testing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>(1) Lowering the deductibles for outpatient visits and increasing the outpatient reimbursement rates and ceiling lines can significantly unleash the demand for outpatient visits. The key to reducing residents\u2019 OOP outpatient costs lies in lowering the deductibles and ceiling lines. Meanwhile, the current increase in URRBMI reimbursement levels has not enhanced rural residents\u2019 willingness to seek inpatient visits, and rural residents\u2019 OOP inpatient cost is more sensitive to the inpatient reimbursement rate. (2) Increasing the reimbursement level is conducive to releasing the medical demand of vulnerable groups, such as rural low-income groups and those with poorer health, and is also crucial for reducing the medical burden. The medical behaviours of rural middle-and high-income groups are less influenced by the reimbursement level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The policy design of medical insurance should give priority to the following: (1) reducing the financial burden of vulnerable groups by lowering deductibles and raising reimbursement ceilings; (2) expanding coverage for major diseases; and (3) expanding the catalogue of reimbursable medicines. These findings offer valuable insights for healthcare reform in developing countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1576978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T06:18:51Z","timestamp":1744093131000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The impact of the urban\u2013rural residents\u2019 medical insurance integration on rural residents\u2019 out-of-pocket medical costs: based on the deductible, reimbursement rate, and ceiling 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