{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T03:14:22Z","timestamp":1775186062706,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Flywheel resistance training (FRT) is a training modality for developing lower limb athletic performance. The relationship between FRT load parameters and barbell squat loading remains ambiguous in practice, resulting in experience-driven load selection during training. Therefore, this study investigates optimal FRT loading for specific training goals (maximal strength, power, muscular endurance) by analyzing concentric velocity at varying barbell 1RM percentages (%1RM), establishes correlations between flywheel load, velocity, and %1RM, and integrates force-velocity profiling to develop evidence-based guidelines for individualized load prescription.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty-nine participants completed 1RM barbell squats to establish submaximal loads (20\u201390%1RM). Concentric velocities were monitored via linear-position transducer (Gymaware) for FRT inertial load quantification, with test\u2013retest measurements confirming protocol reliability. Simple and multiple linear regression modeled load-velocity interactions and multivariable relationships, while Pearson\u2019s r and R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> quantified correlations and model fit. Predictive equations estimated inertial loads (kg\u00b7m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), supported by ICC (2, 1) and CV assessments of relative\/absolute reliability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A strong inverse correlation (r\u202f=\u202f\u22120.88) and high linearity (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u202f=\u202f0.78) emerged between rotational inertia and velocity. The multivariate model demonstrated excellent fit (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u202f=\u202f0.81) and robust correlation (r\u202f=\u202f0.90), yielding the predictive equation: y\u202f=\u202f0.769\u20130.846v\u202f+\u202f0.002\u202fkg.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The strong linear inertial load-velocity relationship enables individualized load prescription through regression equations incorporating velocity and strength parameters. While FRT demonstrates limited efficacy for developing speed-strength, its longitudinal periodization effects require further investigation. Optimal FRT loading ranges were identified: 40\u201360%1RM for strength-speed, 60\u201380%1RM for power development, and 80\u2013100%\u202f+\u202f1RM for maximal strength adaptations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1579291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T05:45:48Z","timestamp":1748583948000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An investigation of the load-velocity relationship between flywheel eccentric and barbell training methods"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ziwei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiayong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruize","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renchen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weilong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duanying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2-161","DOI":"10.1123\/IJSPP.2017-0208","article-title":"Monitoring athlete training loads: consensus statement","volume":"12","author":"Bourdon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01413-6","article-title":"Training load and injury: causal pathways and future directions","volume":"51","author":"Kalkhoven","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0951-z","article-title":"The relationship between training load and injury in athletes: a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Eckard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Essentials of strength training and conditioning","author":"Baechle","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3680-3","article-title":"The effects of traditional, superset, and tri-set resistance training structures on perceived intensity and physiological responses","volume":"117","author":"Weakley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004677","article-title":"Application of a new monitoring variable: Effects of power loss during squat training on strength gains and sports performance","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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