{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:22:00Z","timestamp":1789471320503,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following China\u2019s post-COVID-19 reopening strategy, intermittent small-scale outbreaks of respiratory pathogen infections have been observed in the Beijing region. This single-center study aims to characterize the epidemiological features and co-detection patterns of respiratory pathogens in Beijing, providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of respiratory infectious diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a retrospective analysis of 19,535 patients undergoing SARS-CoV-2 testing and 12,372 patients screened for six respiratory pathogens, including <jats:italic>Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (MP), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (HRV), influenza A virus (IAV), adenovirus (ADV), and influenza B virus (IBV) at Peking University People\u2019s Hospital from January 2023 to December 2024. Epidemiological data were systematically collected and analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate maintained above 3% throughout the observation period. IAV demonstrated distinct seasonal peaks in March 2023 (41.9%, 52\/124), November\u2013December 2023 (24.5%, 119\/485 to 21.9%, 208\/950), and December 2024 (25.4%, 289\/1136). Poly-epidemics of multiple pathogens emerged between October 2023 and April 2024. Pediatric populations showed highest prevalence of MP (21.4%, 158\/740), co-detection (15%, 111\/740) and ADV (12.7%, 94\/740), while adults predominantly exhibited SARS-CoV-2 (35.1%, 674\/1920), RSV (15.8%, 304\/1920) and IAV (12.3%, 236\/1920). Among 324 co-detection cases, MP (130 cases), HRV (117 cases), and IAV (111 cases) were most frequently involved, with MP\u202f+\u202fHRV (36 cases), MP\u202f+\u202fIAV (31 cases), and HRV\u202f+\u202fIAV (23 cases) being the predominant pairwise combinations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Beijing experienced alternating waves of respiratory pathogen epidemics and co-detections during 2023\u20132024. IAV maintained characteristic winter\u2013spring seasonality, while MP emerged as the predominant pathogen in co-detection events. Distinct pathogen profiles between pediatric and adult populations underscore the necessity for continuous surveillance and age-specific prevention strategies for respiratory infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1581815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T05:29:52Z","timestamp":1750915792000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Epidemiological intricacies of respiratory pathogens: a single-center study on infection dynamics in Beijing, 2023\u20132024"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wang","family":"Jie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huo","family":"Wenyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Jinghong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wenyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Shanshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Ming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5314","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.75699","article-title":"Optimizing 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