{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:30:47Z","timestamp":1753893047410,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an insidious onset. Numerous studies have identified a significant association between tobacco use and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. This study aims to explore the epidemiological patterns and trends concerning tobacco-related Alzheimer\u2019s disease at global, national and regional levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed data on mortality, age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR), and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) sourced from the Global Burden of Disease data for 2021. The analysis was further stratified by country and region, socio-demographic index (SDI), gender, and age. A Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort (BAPC) model was employed to project the global burden in the future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 2021, the total burden revealed a decline in the number of deaths and ASDR compared to 1990. The highest proportions of mortality and ASDR were observed in the age group over 95\u202fyears. The disease burden among men was significantly higher than of among women, approximately three times greater. Conversely, in Australia and North America, the burden of disease among women surpassed that of men. In most of the 21 regions worldwide, both mortality and ASDRs have decreased since 1990, and intra-regional mortality rates have declined as SDI has increased. It is anticipated that the burden will continue to gradually decrease from 2021 to 2040.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although the global burden of tobacco-related Alzheimer\u2019s disease among the older adults declined from 1990 to 2021, significant disparities existed across regions, age groups, sex, and SDI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1581871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:12:33Z","timestamp":1747195953000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global, regional, and national disease burden of tobacco-related Alzheimer\u2019s disease among individuals over the age of 55: a global burden of disease study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shipeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanjie","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qinxiu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lanfang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32205-4","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease","volume":"397","author":"Scheltens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"year":"2024","key":"ref2"},{"year":"2024","key":"ref3"},{"year":"2024","key":"ref4"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01677-9","article-title":"Global burden of disease due to smokeless tobacco consumption in adults: an updated analysis of data from 127 countries","volume":"18","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"volume-title":"Risk factors and risk reduction","year":"2024","key":"ref6"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2017.03.006","article-title":"Risk factors associated with the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"61","author":"Hersi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-8-36","article-title":"Smoking, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly, a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Peters","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-643","article-title":"Epidemiologic studies of modifiable factors associated with cognition and dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Beydoun","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.009","article-title":"Smoking and increased Alzheimer's disease risk: a review of potential mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Durazzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13854","article-title":"The impact of maternal smoking during pregnancy and the age of smoking initiation on incident dementia: a prospective cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32225-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"392","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00470-6","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"399","author":"Christenson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-022-01023-x","article-title":"Associations among vitamin D, tobacco smoke, and hypertension: a cross-sectional study of the NHANES 2001-2016","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1190","article-title":"Tobacco carcinogens, their biomarkers and tobacco-induced cancer","volume":"3","author":"Hecht","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1166(199912)14:12<1050::AID-GPS56>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Risk factors accelerating cerebral degenerative changes, cognitive decline and dementia","volume":"14","author":"Meyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860220126808","article-title":"Nicotine's effect on neural and cognitive functioning in an aging population","volume":"6","author":"Murray","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108256","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and nicotine addiction: a brief introduction","volume":"177","author":"Wittenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.10.006","article-title":"Repeated nicotine exposure in rats: effects on memory function, cholinergic markers and nerve growth factor","volume":"130","author":"Hernandez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01339","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation","volume":"421","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.03.029","article-title":"Nicotine exacerbates tau phosphorylation and cognitive impairment induced by amyloid-beta 25-35 in rats","volume":"637","author":"Deng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-008-8037-9","article-title":"Modulation of hippocampus-dependent learning and synaptic plasticity by nicotine","volume":"38","author":"Kenney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609812666190111100205","article-title":"Oxidative and inflammatory events in prion diseases: can they be therapeutic targets?","volume":"11","author":"Prasad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Aging Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.01.007","article-title":"NLRP3-mediated glutaminolysis controls microglial phagocytosis to promote Alzheimer's disease progression","volume":"58","author":"McManus","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70072-2","article-title":"The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer's disease prevalence","volume":"10","author":"Barnes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1308383","article-title":"Global effects of smoking, of quitting, and of taxing tobacco","volume":"370","author":"Jha","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-022-00882-2","article-title":"The relationship of socioeconomic status to alcohol, smoking, and health: a population-level study of the multiethnic population in Singapore","volume":"22","author":"AshaRani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Ment Heal Addict"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06968-8","article-title":"Smoking changes adaptive immunity with persistent effects","volume":"626","author":"Saint-Andr\u00e9","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17394-w","article-title":"Smokeless and combustible tobacco use among 148,944 south Asian adults: a cross-sectional study of South Asia biobank","volume":"23","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1581871\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:12:34Z","timestamp":1747195954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1581871\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1581871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1581871","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-2565"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"article-number":"1581871"}}