{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T09:30:46Z","timestamp":1771234246578,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main aim of the study is to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the neuronal changes that occur in the hypothalamic nuclei of newborn male rats related to obesity during the intrauterine period, which was exposed to electromagnetic field (EMF). It was also investigating the expressions of obesity-related neuropeptide Y (NPY) and fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) in the arcuate (ARN), ventromedial (VMN), and dorsomedial nuclei (DMN). It was also aimed to examine the role of omega-3 (\u03c93) and melatonin (Mel) against the side effects of EMF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adult Wistar albino pregnant female rats were randomly divided into seven groups: Cont, Sham, EMF, EMF-Mel, EMF-\u03c93, Mel, and \u03c93. While no treatment was applied to the control group, rats in the Sham group were kept in the cage system for 2\u202fh per day for 21\u202fdays without exposure to EMF. EMF groups were exposed to 900\u202fMHz EMF for 2\u202fh per day during pregnancy. Mel-treated groups received 50\u202fmg\/kg\/day melatonin, while \u03c93-treated animals were given 0.93\u202fg\/mL \u03c93 via intragastric gavage. Anxiety and locomotor behaviors were assessed. Oxidative stress parameters were analyzed. Stereological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural analyses were performed on the offspring rats\u2019 hypothalamus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>It was seen that serum superoxide dismutase activity was significantly higher in the \u03c93 group compared to the other groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u2264\u202f0.01), and serum catalase activity was significantly higher in the EMF group compared to the Cont and EMF-\u03c93 groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u2264\u202f0.01). The number of neurons in the ARN was significantly lower in the EMF group compared to the Sham group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u2264\u202f0.05). According to the open field test, the time spent in the peripheral zone in the EMF group was longer than in the Cont group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u2264\u202f0.05); In the elevated plus maze test, the number of entries into the open area in the EMF group was lower than in the Cont group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u2264\u202f0.01). Stronger anti-NPY immunoreactivity was observed in the EMF group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prenatal exposure to mobile phones may have hypothalamic effects by inducing neurodegeneration and affecting FTO and NPY expressions. The possible therapeutic effects of Mel and \u03c93 were not apparent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1583097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T04:10:41Z","timestamp":1750824641000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Possible effects of melatonin and omega-3 on the obesity-related hypothalamic nuclei of the electromagnetic field-exposed offspring rats: a stereological and immunohistochemical analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Gamze","family":"Altun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00fcleyman","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.05.048","article-title":"Public exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in everyday microenvironments: An updated systematic review for Europe","volume":"176","author":"Jalilian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557988318816914","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988318816914","article-title":"Mobile phone base station tower settings adjacent to school buildings: impact on students' cognitive 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