{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:10:16Z","timestamp":1793059816184,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310030_215665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030_215665"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003006","name":"ETH Zurich","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are highly refined formulations of non-nutritive compounds containing elevated amounts of sugar, fat, sodium, food additives, and dietary emulsifiers. Consumption of UPF is robustly linked to a range of non-communicable diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mental disorders in adults. While substantial research highlights the negative health impacts of UPFs in adulthood, their effects on brain development during critical periods of biological vulnerability, pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence, remain underexplored. During pregnancy, significant metabolic and physiological adaptations occur to support fetal growth, making maternal diet quality essential for optimal perinatal outcomes. Poor maternal nutrition, including high UPF consumption, has been associated with an increased risk of hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, and adverse birth weights, potentially predisposing offspring to metabolic health disorders later in life. Similarly, in early childhood, inadequate nutrition is a key risk factor for developmental impairments, influencing cognitive function and long-term health outcomes. Adolescence, another critical stage of brain maturation, is particularly susceptible to the effects of micronutrient deficiencies, often exacerbated by diets high in UPFs, which can impair neurodevelopment and cognitive performance. As UPFs continue to dominate modern diets, accounting for over 50% of total energy intake in some developed nations, understanding their long-term impact on brain development is crucial. Early-life exposure to UPFs may contribute to lasting cognitive deficits and increased susceptibility to mental health disorders, emphasizing the urgent need for targeted dietary interventions and public health strategies aimed at pregnant women, children, and adolescents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1590083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T07:35:44Z","timestamp":1750750544000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["The consequences of ultra-processed foods on brain development during prenatal, adolescent and adult stages"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Gaia","family":"Mottis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratheba","family":"Kandasamey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Peleg-Raibstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071955","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and health outcomes: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Elizabeth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.05.008","article-title":"Ultra-processed diets cause excess calorie intake and weight gain: An inpatient randomized controlled trial of ad libitum food intake","volume":"30","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223827","article-title":"Ultra-processed food consumption and its association with risk of obesity, sedentary behaviors, and well-being in adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Machado-Rodrigues","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132568","article-title":"Ultra-processed food consumption and mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"14","author":"Lane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362","article-title":"Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years","volume":"377","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1994.tb01460.x","article-title":"The nutrition transition in low-income countries: an emerging crisis","volume":"52","author":"Popkin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0092-5853.2003.00520.x","article-title":"The rise of supermarkets in Africa, Asia, and Latin America","volume":"85","author":"Reardon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Agric Econ"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13126","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13126","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and the nutrition transition: global, regional and national trends, food systems transformations and political economy drivers","volume":"21","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1108\/eb059291","article-title":"The psychology of food choice","volume":"90","author":"Shepherd","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nutr Food Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12107","article-title":"Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the global food system","volume":"14","author":"Monteiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072202","article-title":"Pre-gestational consumption of ultra-processed foods and risk of gestational diabetes in a Mediterranean cohort. The SUN project","volume":"13","author":"Leone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3242","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153242","article-title":"Maternal consumption of ultra-processed foods-rich diet and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Paula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.08.005","article-title":"The association between maternal ultra-processed food consumption during pregnancy and child neuropsychological development: a population-based birth cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Puig-Vallverd\u00fa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4091","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4091","article-title":"Relationships between consumption of ultra-processed foods, gestational weight gain and neonatal outcomes in a sample of US pregnant women","volume":"5","author":"Rohatgi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00049318","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00049318","article-title":"Relationship between minimally and ultra-processed food intake during pregnancy with obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"35","author":"Sartorelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11-e13","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2009.02.002","article-title":"Frozen meals","volume":"19","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009005291","article-title":"Nutrition and health. The issue is not food, nor nutrients, so muchas processing","volume":"12","author":"Monteiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l2289","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l2289","article-title":"Ultra-processed food and adverse health outcomes","volume":"365","author":"Lawrence","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.afnr.2018.02.002","article-title":"Characterization of the degree of food processing in relation with its health potential and effects","volume":"85","author":"Fardet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Food Nutr Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2023.12.014","article-title":"\u201cFood faddists and pseudoscientists!\u201d: reflections on the history of resistance to ultra-processed foods","volume":"20","author":"Logan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Explore"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082778","article-title":"A systematic review of worldwide consumption of ultra-processed foods: findings and criticisms","volume":"13","author":"Marino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.34172\/ijhpm.2021.45","article-title":"Ultra-processed profits: the political economy of countering the global spread of ultra-processed foods \u2013 a synthesis review on the market and political practices of transnational food corporations and strategic public health responses","volume":"10","author":"Moodie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn.81.2.341","article-title":"Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century1, 2","volume":"81","author":"Cordain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22639","article-title":"Hyper-palatable foods: development of a quantitative definition and application to the US food system database","volume":"27","author":"Fazzino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0117959","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117959","article-title":"Which foods may be addictive? The roles of processing, fat content, and glycemic load","volume":"10","author":"Schulte","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-110420-111710","article-title":"Is food addictive? A review of the science","volume":"41","author":"Gearhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nzy077","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzy077","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods: definitions and policy issues","volume":"3","author":"Gibney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0236738","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236738","article-title":"Association between dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods and urinary concentrations of phthalates and bisphenol in a nationally representative sample of the US population aged 6 years and older","volume":"15","author":"Mart\u00ednez Steele","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103390","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and nutritional dietary profile: a meta-analysis of nationally representative samples","volume":"13","author":"Martini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017000234","article-title":"The UN decade of nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing","volume":"21","author":"Monteiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref31","volume-title":"Ultra-processed foods, diet quality, and health using the NOVA classification system","author":"Monteiro","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"Food systems and diets: facing the challenges of the 21st century","author":"Haddad","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018003762","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them","volume":"22","author":"Monteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-022-09711-2","article-title":"Dissecting ultra-processed foods and drinks: do they have a potential to impact the brain?","volume":"23","author":"Contreras-Rodriguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.3390\/children10050804","article-title":"Ultra-processed food, reward system and childhood obesity","volume":"10","author":"Calcaterra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.11606\/s1518-8787.2024058005636","article-title":"Early ultra-processed foods consumption and hyperactivity\/inattention in adolescence","volume":"58","author":"Ferreira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4831","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224831","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and drinks consumption is associated with psychosocial functioning in adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Reales-Moreno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-020-00604-1","article-title":"Consumption of ultra-processed foods and health outcomes: a systematic review of epidemiological studies","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1159\/000507840","article-title":"Ultra-processed food consumption among the Paediatric population: An overview and call to action from the European childhood obesity group","volume":"76","author":"Khandpur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.11.020","article-title":"Maternal well-being, food involvement and quality of diet: profiles of single mother-adolescent dyads","volume":"96","author":"Schnettler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-015-0285-2","article-title":"Multidimensionality of the relationship between social status and dietary patterns in early childhood: longitudinal results from the French EDEN mother-child cohort","volume":"12","author":"Camara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/chso.12278","article-title":"Children's and young people's food practices in contexts of poverty and inequality","volume":"32","author":"Wills","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Soc"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980022002336","article-title":"School meals in the UK: ultra-processed, unequal and inadequate","volume":"26","author":"Parnham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980022001355","article-title":"Dietary quality of school meals and packed lunches: a national study of primary and secondary schoolchildren in the UK","volume":"26","author":"Haney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017001331","article-title":"Consumption of ultra-processed foods and body fat during childhood and adolescence: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e007240","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-007240","article-title":"\u201cWarning: ultra-processed\u201d\u2014A call for warnings on foods that aren't really foods","volume":"6","author":"Trish","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.10238","article-title":"Trends in consumption of ultraprocessed foods among US youths aged 2-19 years, 1999-2018","volume":"326","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-017-0039-0","article-title":"Added sugars and ultra-processed foods in Spanish households (1990\u20132010)","volume":"72","author":"Latasa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmac032","article-title":"Unhealthy food and beverage consumption in children and risk of overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Rousham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017000374","article-title":"School lunches in Japan: their contribution to healthier nutrient intake among elementary-school and junior high-school children","volume":"20","author":"Asakura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.5264\/eiyogakuzashi.76.S2","article-title":"The history, current status, and future directions of the school lunch program in Japan","volume":"76","author":"Ishida","year":"","journal-title":"Jpn J Nutr Diet"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13366","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13366","article-title":"The nutrition transition to a stage of high obesity and noncommunicable disease prevalence dominated by ultra-processed foods is not inevitable","volume":"23","author":"Popkin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422423000240","article-title":"Who consumes ultra-processed food? A systematic review of sociodemographic determinants of ultra-processed food consumption from nationally representative samples","volume":"37","author":"Dicken","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13699","article-title":"Neurobiology of eating behavior, nutrition, and health","volume":"294","author":"Stover","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021115-104948","article-title":"Three pillars for the neural control of appetite","volume":"79","author":"Sternson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12040431","article-title":"Integrative hedonic and homeostatic food intake regulation by the central nervous system: insights from neuroimaging","volume":"12","author":"Campos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.12.050","article-title":"Blaming the brain for obesity: integration of hedonic and homeostatic mechanisms","volume":"152","author":"Berthoud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.097618","article-title":"Homeostatic and hedonic signals interact in the regulation of food intake","volume":"139","author":"Lutter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2022.106146","article-title":"Brain regulation of hunger and motivation: the case for integrating homeostatic and hedonic concepts and its implications for obesity and addiction","volume":"177","author":"Morales","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2014.02.002","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid and nutrient deficits in adverse neurodevelopment and childhood behaviors","volume":"23","author":"Gow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122216-011643","article-title":"Rethinking food reward","volume":"71","author":"de Araujo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS19980089","article-title":"Taste, palatability and the control of appetite","volume":"57","author":"Yeomans","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.014","article-title":"Toward a wiring diagram understanding of appetite control","volume":"95","author":"Andermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805308-9.00032-4","article-title":"Chapter 32 \u2013 appetite as motivated choice: hormonal and environmental influences","volume-title":"Decision neuroscience","author":"Dagher","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1226","article-title":"Orexigen-sensitive NPY\/AgRP pacemaker neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus","volume":"7","author":"van den Top","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.12.026","article-title":"Visualizing hypothalamic network dynamics for appetitive and Consummatory behaviors","volume":"160","author":"Jennings","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090780203","article-title":"Hypothalamic lesions and adiposity in the rat","volume":"78","author":"Hetherington","year":"1940","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00499","article-title":"Food related processes in the insular cortex","volume":"7","author":"Frank","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15132994","article-title":"Binge-eating precursors in children and adolescents: neurodevelopment, and the potential contribution of ultra-processed foods","volume":"15","author":"Via","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1645","article-title":"Altering expectancy dampens neural response to aversive taste in primary taste cortex","volume":"9","author":"Nitschke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.037440","article-title":"Correlations of macronutrient-induced functional magnetic resonance imaging signal changes in human brain and gut hormone responses123","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665112000821","article-title":"Taste, olfactory and food texture reward processing in the brain and the control of appetite","volume":"71","author":"Rolls","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s40817-021-00101-1","article-title":"Development of brain behavior integration systems related to criminal culpability from childhood to young adulthood: does it stop at 18 years?","volume":"7","author":"Gur","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615627625","article-title":"When is an adolescent an adult? Assessing cognitive control in emotional and nonemotional contexts","volume":"27","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614s","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.2.614S","article-title":"Nutrition and the developing brain: nutrient priorities and measurement","volume":"85","author":"Georgieff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.07.017","article-title":"Hungry brains: a meta-analytical review of brain activation imaging studies on food perception and appetite in obese individuals","volume":"94","author":"Devoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp078","article-title":"What motivates the adolescent? Brain regions mediating reward sensitivity across adolescence","volume":"20","author":"Van Leijenhorst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.09.006.2010","article-title":"Adolescent development of the reward system","volume":"4","author":"Galv\u00e1n","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.09.004","article-title":"Making dopamine connections in adolescence","volume":"40","author":"Hoops","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32129-3","article-title":"Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128\u00b7 9 million children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"390","author":"Abarca-G\u00f3mez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803527","article-title":"Acceleration of BMI in early childhood and risk of sustained obesity","volume":"379","author":"Geserick","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12625","article-title":"On the origin of obesity: identifying the biological, environmental and cultural drivers of genetic risk among human populations","volume":"19","author":"Qasim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2015.05.013","article-title":"Addressing childhood obesity: opportunities for prevention","volume":"62","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00047-X","article-title":"Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management","volume":"10","author":"Jebeile","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12701","article-title":"Screen time and childhood overweight\/obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12819","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12819","article-title":"Association between watching TV whilst eating and children's consumption of ultraprocessed foods in United Kingdom","volume":"15","author":"Martines","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy025","article-title":"Unhealthy dietary patterns established in infancy track to mid-childhood: the EU childhood obesity project","volume":"148","author":"Luque","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12729","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12729","article-title":"Snack food and beverage consumption and young child nutrition in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Pries","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2012.00064.x","article-title":"Extended international (IOTF) body mass index cut-offs for thinness, overweight and obesity","volume":"7","author":"Cole","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2012.12.014","article-title":"Childhood obesity: a review of increased risk for physical and psychological comorbidities","volume":"35","author":"Pulgar\u00f3n","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2019.100797","article-title":"Prenatal and postnatal contributions of the maternal microbiome on offspring programming","volume":"55","author":"Ja\u0161arevi\u0107","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/10460.003.0005","article-title":"What do we know about early onset neurodevelopmental disorders?","volume-title":"Translational neuroscience: Toward new therapies","author":"Bourgeron","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1159\/000082591","article-title":"Metabolic disease: Evolutionary, developmental and transgenerational influences","volume":"55","author":"Gluckman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01809.x","article-title":"The origins of the developmental origins theory","volume":"261","author":"Barker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref95","volume-title":"Good maternal nutrition: the best start in life, good maternal nutrition: the best start in life","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105154","article-title":"Premature birth, low birth weight, small for gestational age and chronic non-communicable diseases in adult life: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"149","author":"de Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639425","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.639425","article-title":"Dietary quality and sociodemographic and health behavior characteristics among pregnant women participating in the new York University children's health and environment study","volume":"8","author":"Deierlein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030216","article-title":"Pre-pregnancy fast food consumption is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus among Tehranian women","volume":"9","author":"Lamyian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15593","article-title":"Dietary patterns and the risk of pregnancy-associated hypertension in the Danish National Birth Cohort: a prospective longitudinal study","volume":"126","author":"Ikem","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030523","article-title":"Types of carbohydrates intake during pregnancy and frequency of a small for gestational age newborn: a case-control study","volume":"11","author":"Amezcua-Prieto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.190686","article-title":"Preconception dietary patterns in human pregnancies are associated with preterm delivery","volume":"144","author":"Grieger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"203","article-title":"The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems","volume":"28","author":"Carabotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20060339","article-title":"Role of the placenta in fetal programming: underlying mechanisms and potential interventional approaches","volume":"113","author":"Jansson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.4685","article-title":"The emerging clinical neuroscience of autism spectrum disorder: a review","volume":"75","author":"Muhle","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatr"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2021.05.003","article-title":"Diet-induced dysbiosis of the maternal gut microbiome in early life programming of neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"168","author":"Di Ges\u00f9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0330-z","article-title":"The early infant gut microbiome varies in association with a maternal high-fat diet","volume":"8","author":"Chu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00342","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms link maternal diets and gut microbiome to obesity in the offspring","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1159\/000457136","article-title":"The interplay between maternal nutrition and stress during pregnancy: issues and considerations","volume":"70","author":"Lindsay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.06.021","article-title":"The interplay between nutrition and stress in pregnancy: implications for fetal programming of brain development","volume":"85","author":"Lindsay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1159\/000358467","article-title":"Preterm nutrition and the brain","volume":"110","author":"Ramel","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Rev Nutr Diet"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110609","article-title":"Effect of ultra-processed diet on gut microbiota and thus its role in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"71","author":"Mart\u00ednez Leo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1993.21.3.195","article-title":"Infant neurodevelopmental outcome in pregnancies complicated by gestational hypertension and intra-uterine growth retardation","volume":"21","author":"Spinillo","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.23.020102.075739","article-title":"Iron status and neural functioning","volume":"23","author":"Beard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.10.3215","article-title":"Perinatal Iron deficiency alters the neurochemical profile of the developing rat Hippocampus","volume":"133","author":"Rao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200008000-00009","article-title":"Perinatal iron deficiency decreases cytochrome c oxidase (CytOx) activity in selected regions of neonatal rat brain","volume":"48","author":"de Deungria","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref116","first-page":"71","article-title":"Chapter 6 zinc-containing neurons in hippocampus and related CNS structures","volume-title":"Progress in brain research","author":"Frederickson","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1126\/science.224456","article-title":"Chronic zinc deficiency alters neuronal function of hippocampal mossy fibers","volume":"205","author":"Hesse","year":"1979","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/60.2.238","article-title":"Modulation of behavioral performance of prepubertal monkeys by moderate dietary zinc deprivation","volume":"60","author":"Golub","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.2.359","article-title":"Growth and development in preterm infants fed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a prospective, randomized controlled trial","volume":"108","author":"O'Connor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5724","article-title":"Fetal brain and placental programming in maternal obesity: a review of human and animal model studies","volume":"40","author":"Shook","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2014.16.3\/jbolton","article-title":"Developmental programming of brain and behavior by perinatal diet: focus on inflammatory mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"Bolton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01454","article-title":"Increased hypothalamic projections to the lateral hypothalamus and responses to leptin in rat neonates from high fat fed mothers","volume":"13","author":"Kelley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01209-4","article-title":"Maternal dietary imbalance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids triggers the offspring\u2019s overeating in mice","volume":"3","author":"Sakayori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111814","article-title":"Food additives containing nanoparticles induce gastrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and alterations in animal behavior: the unknown role of oxidative stress","volume":"146","author":"Medina-Reyes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841444","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.841444","article-title":"Influence of sensory properties in moderating eating behaviors and food intake","volume":"9","author":"Forde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0461-x","article-title":"Western diet is associated with a smaller hippocampus: a longitudinal investigation","volume":"13","author":"Jacka","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-12033-1","article-title":"High intake of ultra-processed food is associated with dementia in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"271","author":"Henney","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2024.100042","article-title":"Ultra-processed food consumption and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: the Framingham heart study","volume":"12","author":"Weinstein","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15284","article-title":"Microbiota-gut-brain axis as a regulator of reward processes","volume":"157","author":"Garc\u00eda-Cabrerizo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.05.018","article-title":"Supra-additive effects of combining fat and carbohydrate on food reward","volume":"28","author":"DiFeliceantonio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/109019819302000215","article-title":"Relationship of mothers' food choice criteria to food intake of preschool children: identification of family subgroups","volume":"20","author":"Contento","year":"1993","journal-title":"Health Educ Q"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac068","article-title":"Texture-based differences in eating rate influence energy intake for minimally processed and ultra-processed meals","volume":"116","author":"Teo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22217","article-title":"Exploring avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder in eating disordered patients: a descriptive study","volume":"47","author":"Norris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.02.026","article-title":"The gut-brain dopamine axis: a regulatory system for caloric intake","volume":"106","author":"de Araujo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav0556","article-title":"Processed foods and food reward","volume":"363","author":"Small","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.84","article-title":"The role of short chain fatty acids in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis","volume":"39","author":"Byrne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2020.19554","article-title":"Does serotonin in the intestines make you happy?","volume":"31","author":"Bekta\u015f","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.5114\/pg.2023.132957","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor \u2013 a key player in the gastrointestinal system","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Rev"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m2440","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2440","article-title":"Sodium and health\u2014concordance and controversy","volume":"369","author":"Cook","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00025","article-title":"The role of Short-chain fatty acids from gut microbiota in gut-brain communication","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1590083\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T07:35:47Z","timestamp":1750750547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1590083\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"references-count":140,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1590083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1590083","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"article-number":"1590083"}}