{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T17:37:11Z","timestamp":1773769031848,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although a lack of gravitational stimuli decreases bone mineral content in some populations, such as astronauts\u2019 bone mineral content (BMC), little is known about the association of BMC with handgrip muscle strength (HGS) in divers of different years of diving experience.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the BMC and body composition of diver workers of different years of diving experience. A second objective was to associate the level of BMC with HGS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A descriptive and longitudinal pilot study was carried out in adult men divers of different years of diving experience; tertile 1 of diving experience 1\u201320\u202fyears (T1DE, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f27), tertile 2 of diving experience 21\u201335\u202fyears (T2DE, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f11), and tertile 3 of diving experience 36\u201345\u202fyears (T3DE, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f17). Primary variables were BMC, total fat-free mass (FFM), and total body fat mass (BF), which were analyzed using dual X-ray absorptiometry (iDXA) equipment and the average of both arms\u2019 handgrip strength (HGS<jats:sub>av<\/jats:sub>). Secondary variables were lifestyle patterns, anthropometry, and other socio-demographic variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>T3DE showed significant differences <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. T1DE group in BMC<jats:sub>Legs<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>diff<\/jats:italic>. \u2212107.9\u202fg, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.029), BMC<jats:sub>RL<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>diff<\/jats:italic>. \u221251.4\u202fg, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.039), and BMC<jats:sub>LL<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>diff<\/jats:italic>. \u221255.7\u202fg, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.037). T3DE showed significant differences <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. T1DE group in outcomes total FFM (<jats:italic>diff<\/jats:italic>. \u22125011.9\u202fg, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.015), FFM<jats:sub>Arms<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>diff<\/jats:italic>. \u22121275.1\u202fg, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.009), FFM<jats:sub>RA<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>diff<\/jats:italic>. \u2212472.3\u202fg, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.012), FFM<jats:sub>LA<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>diff<\/jats:italic>. \u2212406.6\u202fg, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.028), FFM<jats:sub>Legs<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>diff<\/jats:italic>. \u22122117.8\u202fg, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.031), FFM<jats:sub>RL<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>diff<\/jats:italic>. \u22121046.3\u202fg, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.037), and FFM<jats:sub>LL<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>diff<\/jats:italic>. \u22121071.3\u202fg, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.031). There was a significant correlation between HGS<jats:sub>av<\/jats:sub> and total BMC (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> =\u202f21.3%), between HGS<jats:sub>RA<\/jats:sub> and total BMC (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> =\u202f21.1%), between HGS<jats:sub>LA<\/jats:sub> and total BMC (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> =\u202f20.2%), between HGS<jats:sub>av<\/jats:sub> and BMC<jats:sub>Arms<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> =\u202f28.8%), between HGS<jats:sub>RA<\/jats:sub> and BMC<jats:sub>Arms<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> =\u202f27.9%), between HGS<jats:sub>LA<\/jats:sub> and BMC<jats:sub>Arms<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> =\u202f27.8%), between HGS<jats:sub>av<\/jats:sub> and BMC<jats:sub>Legs<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> =\u202f13.3%), between HGS<jats:sub>RA<\/jats:sub> and BMC<jats:sub>Legs<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> =\u202f13.8%), and between HGS<jats:sub>LA<\/jats:sub> and BMC<jats:sub>Legs<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> =\u202f11.9%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diver workers with greater years of experience exhibit a reduced level of BMC and FFM in the legs compared to peers with less experience, and HGS is associated with BMC. Future longitudinal studies in diver workers could explore BMC and body composition in these populations to confirm our findings and include other physical fitness parameters in different diving specialties.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1591242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T05:25:22Z","timestamp":1752470722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bone mineral content determined by energy X-ray absorptiometry correlates with handgrip strength in Latin American divers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alex","family":"V\u00e9liz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"D\u00f6rner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-025-07394-4","article-title":"Ultra-processed food intake and prevalence of osteoporosis in US adults aged 50 years and older: a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"36","author":"Brooks","year":"2025","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:103477","article-title":"Osteoporosis or low bone mass in older adults: United States, 2017\u20132018","author":"Sarafrazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-013-2413-7","article-title":"Standardising the descriptive epidemiology of osteoporosis: recommendations from the epidemiology and quality of life working group of IOF","volume":"24","author":"Kanis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.4067\/S0034-98872020001001418","article-title":"Prevalencia de fragilidad en personas mayores de Chile: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017","volume":"148","author":"Troncoso-Pantoja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Med Chile"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-024-00593-w","article-title":"Updates on methods for body composition analysis: implications for clinical practice","volume":"14","author":"Thomas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.4067\/s0034-98872018001201471","article-title":"Guidelines of the Chilean endocrinology society for the correct clinical use of bone densitometry","volume":"146","author":"Barber\u00e1n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Med Chile"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-024-06912-6","article-title":"Updated practice guideline for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)","volume":"52","author":"Slart","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjfa.2024.100003","article-title":"Body composition of older adults with normal body mass index. 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