{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T03:29:18Z","timestamp":1787887758811,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To quantitatively analyze the impact of environmental hygiene on the occurrence of healthcare-associated infection (HAI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Monitoring data of HAI and environmental hygiene from a tertiary first-class hospital from July 1, 2022, to December 31, 2024, were collected, and the impact of environmental bacterial colony forming unit (CFU) on the occurrence of HAI was analyzed by a time-series generalized additive model (GAM).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The single-contamination model showed a significant positive correlation between HAI and total colony count, high-touch surface (HTS) colony count, and staff' hands colony count. The same pattern was observed in the multi-contamination model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a significant correlation between environmental hygiene and the occurrence of HAI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1592700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T05:28:20Z","timestamp":1760333300000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Environmental hygiene and healthcare-associated infection: a time-series study based on generalized additive model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Renhua","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingqi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daiying","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keli","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002150","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002150","article-title":"Burden of Six Healthcare-Associated Infections on European Population Health: estimating incidence-based disability-adjusted life years through a Population Prevalence-Based Modelling Study","volume":"13","author":"Cassini","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.07.004","article-title":"Economic analysis of healthcare-associated infection prevention and control interventions in medical and surgical units: systematic review using a discounting approach","volume":"106","author":"Tchouaket Nguemeleu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.12.019","article-title":"International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report of health care associated infections, data summary of 45 countries for 2015 to 2020, adult and pediatric units, device-associated module","volume":"52","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control."},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Global Report on Infection Prevention and Control 2024: executive summary[EB\/OL]\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.11.002","article-title":"Examining the association between surface bioburden and frequently touched sites in intensive care","volume":"95","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2019.10.023","article-title":"Surface sampling within a pediatric ward-how multiple factors affect cleaning efficacy","volume":"48","author":"Rawlinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2018.11.006","article-title":"The role of the hospital environment in the healthcare-associated infections: a general review of the literature","volume":"23","author":"Facciol\u00e0","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.4103\/ijabmr.IJABMR_281_16","article-title":"Microbiological surveillance of operation theatres: five year retrospective analysis from a tertiary care hospital in North India","volume":"7","author":"Najotra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Appl Basic Med Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000842","article-title":"Hospital water as the source of healthcare-associated infection and antimicrobial-resistant organisms","volume":"35","author":"Hayward","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2021.08.027","article-title":"The effect of disinfectants on the microbial community on environmental healthcare surfaces using next generation sequencing","volume":"50","author":"Perry-Dow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2024.01.023","article-title":"How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A scoping review","volume":"147","author":"Porter","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect."},{"key":"B12","article-title":"Regional Office for the Western Pacific","volume-title":"Practical Guidelines for Infection Control in Health Care Facilities","year":"2004"},{"key":"B13","year":"2008","journal-title":"Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2018.04.003","article-title":"Is there an association between airborne and surface microbes in the critical care environment?","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76249","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076249","article-title":"Healthcare environments and spatial variability of healthcare associated infection risk: cross-sectional surveys","volume":"8","author":"Gaudart","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idh.2018.01.003","article-title":"Improving hospital environmental hygiene with the use of a targeted multi-modal bundle strategy","volume":"23","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Dis Health."},{"key":"B17","year":"2025","journal-title":"Regulations for Cleaning and Disinfection Management of Environmental Surface in Healthcare:WS\/T512-2025"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30714-X","article-title":"An environmental cleaning bundle and health-care-associated infections in hospitals (REACH): a Multicentre, Randomised trial","volume":"19","author":"Mitchell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2012.20","article-title":"Time-series analysis of the relationship of antimicrobial use and hand hygiene promotion with the incidence of healthcare-associated infections","volume":"65","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Antibiot."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.007","article-title":"Hand hygiene compliance in the intensive care unit: hand hygiene and glove changes","volume":"51","author":"Siebers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idh.2020.02.001","article-title":"Evaluating bio-burden of frequently touched surfaces using Adenosine Triphosphate bioluminescence (ATP): results from the researching effective approaches to cleaning in hospitals (REACH) trial","volume":"25","author":"Mitchell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Health."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00442","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00442-20","article-title":"Asymptomatic COVID-19 patients can contaminate their surroundings: an environment sampling study","volume":"5","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-015-0120-5","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of inanimate surfaces and equipment in the intensive care unit","volume":"3","author":"Russotto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"50","volume-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control.","author":"Megri","year":"2020"},{"key":"B25","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hygienic standard for disinfection in hospitals: WS\/T313-2019"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01886","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01886-19","article-title":"Self-disinfecting copper beds sustain terminal cleaning and disinfection effects throughout patient care","volume":"86","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-023-01290-4","article-title":"How biofilm changes our understanding of cleaning and disinfection","volume":"12","author":"Maillard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108598","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108598","article-title":"Hard surface biocontrol in hospitals using microbial-based cleaning products","volume":"9","author":"Vandini","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa388","article-title":"Time-series modelling for the quantification of seasonality and forecasting antibiotic-resistant episodes: application to carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae episodes in France over 2010\u201320","volume":"76","author":"Roux","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2021.08.014","article-title":"Turning up the volume to address biases in predicted healthcare-associated infections and enhance US hospital rankings: a data-driven approach","volume":"50","author":"Armbrister","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1592700\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T05:28:23Z","timestamp":1760333303000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1592700\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1592700"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1592700","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"article-number":"1592700"}}