{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:19:33Z","timestamp":1793146773884,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Potent stimulants, such as methamphetamine, exert powerful psychological and physiological effects that could affect suicide risks. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether methamphetamine use is independently associated with suicidality after adjusting for potential confounding variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case\u2013control study investigated the independent role of methamphetamine use in suicidal ideation, suicide planning, and suicide attempts in 800 patients who were substance users receiving treatment from mental health hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Methamphetamine users and non-users comprised the case and control groups, respectively. Urine analyses were performed to verify the participants\u2019 self-reported drug use, and the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale, Addiction Severity Index, and Timeline Follow-Back approach were used in the data-gathering process. Multivariate analyses, adjusted for confounding factors, were conducted to assess the relationship between methamphetamine use and suicidality. Kaplan\u2013Meier survival analysis was used to determine the survival probabilities of methamphetamine users and non-users.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The proportion of methamphetamine users with a history of suicidality was significantly higher than that of non-users (30% vs. 20%, respectively;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt;\u202f0.001), and a higher proportion of users attempted suicide (18% vs. 7%). The dose\u2013response relationship revealed adjusted odds ratios increasing from 1.8 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3\u20132.5) in light users (1\u20132 times monthly) to 3.2 (95% CI: 2.3\u20134.4) in heavy users (every day), demonstrating that daily methamphetamine use significantly increased suicide risk. Compared with that of non-users, methamphetamine users had a significantly poorer survival rate (hazard ratio\u202f=\u202f2.4,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Hanging was the most common method of suicide, followed by self-poisoning.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methamphetamine use was identified as a strong independent predictor of suicidality. These findings underscore the critical need for comprehensive evaluations in mental health care, as well as tailored interventions and long-term monitoring of users to reduce the suicide risk in this vulnerable population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1593935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T05:34:40Z","timestamp":1753335280000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Methamphetamine use and suicide risk: a comprehensive case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ahmed Hamed","family":"Aljadani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abouzed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halima","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benayan Bani","family":"Alrasheedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muath","family":"Alarfaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salwa Rashed","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Saad","family":"Almuqahwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.121.000767","article-title":"Methamphetamine dysregulation of the central nervous system and peripheral immunity","volume":"379","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000168","article-title":"Global patterns of methamphetamine use","volume":"28","author":"Chomchai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-9-33","article-title":"Substance use disorders in Arab countries: research activity and bibliometric analysis","volume":"9","author":"Sweileh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113591","article-title":"Methamphetamine induced neurotoxic diseases, molecular mechanism, and current treatment strategies","volume":"154","author":"Shrestha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2024.102065","article-title":"A critical review of workplace drug testing methods for old and new psychoactive substances: gaps, advances, and perspectives","volume":"32","author":"Al-Asmari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.09.014","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in methamphetamine dependence","volume":"186","author":"Salo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDra2300160","article-title":"Methamphetamine toxicities and clinical management","volume":"2","author":"Coffin","year":"2023","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.060","article-title":"Suicidal thoughts and behaviors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"352","author":"Altwaijri","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11782218231216233","DOI":"10.1177\/11782218231216233","article-title":"The role of substance use disorders on suicidal ideation, planning, and attempts: a nationally representative study of adolescents and adults in the United States, 2020","volume":"17","author":"Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"Subst Abuse"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110746","article-title":"Methamphetamine-related postmortem cases in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"321","author":"Al-Asmari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e086487","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-086487","article-title":"Substance use and risk of suicide among adults who sought mental health and addiction specialty services through a centralised intake process in Nova Scotia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Soboka","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8261-4","article-title":"Suicide among people treated for drug use disorders: a Danish national record-linkage study","volume":"20","author":"Hesse","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13091279","article-title":"Risk factors of suicidal ideation in Iraqi crystal methamphetamine users","volume":"13","author":"Al-Imam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2024.2333429","article-title":"Methamphetamine intoxication and suicidal ideation\/behavior in the emergency department","volume":"40","author":"Bayazit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12442","article-title":"Completed suicide among methamphetamine users: a national study","volume":"49","author":"Darke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat Behav"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104674","article-title":"Sex differences in methamphetamine use disorder perused from pre-clinical and clinical studies: potential therapeutic impacts","volume":"137","author":"Daiwile","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12273","article-title":"Managing stigma: women drug users and recovery services","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fusio"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109715","article-title":"Non-engagement in substance use treatment among women with an unmet need for treatment: a latent class analysis on multidimensional barriers","volume":"242","author":"Apsley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490490436055","article-title":"Psychiatric symptoms in methamphetamine users","volume":"13","author":"Zweben","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-01015-9","article-title":"Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among untreated illicit substance users: a population-based study","volume":"21","author":"Shiraly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4103\/jfcm.jfcm_4_24","article-title":"Impulsiveness, suicide, and aggression in a sample of patients with disorders of methyl amphetamine use","volume":"31","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"J"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01782.x","article-title":"Structural and metabolic brain changes in the striatum associated with methamphetamine abuse","volume":"102","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971825","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.971825","article-title":"Associations of executive function and age of first use of methamphetamine with methamphetamine relapse","volume":"13","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03933.x","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of community-based treatment options on methamphetamine use: findings from the methamphetamine treatment evaluation study (MATES)","volume":"107","author":"McKetin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200607","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.0607","article-title":"Incidence and lethality of suicidal overdoses by drug class","volume":"3","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112505","article-title":"Associations between methamphetamine use, psychiatric comorbidities and treatment outcome in two inpatient rehabilitation centers","volume":"280","author":"Lisa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52544\/2642-7184(1)3002","article-title":"Characteristics of attempted suicide in the Middle East and North Africa region: the mediating role of Arab culture and religion","volume":"1","author":"El Halabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1593935\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T05:34:40Z","timestamp":1753335280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1593935\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1593935"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1593935","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"article-number":"1593935"}}