{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:36:42Z","timestamp":1791293802859,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rabies poses a significant public health and economic challenge in Kenya. The Kenya rabies elimination strategy identifies surveillance as a key pillar to achieve the targets of ending human deaths from rabies by 2030. Here we investigated the utility of the national human and animal rabies surveillance data to provide robust surveillance data to guide the Kenya rabies elimination program.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a retrospective analysis of the official rabies data obtained from the national human and animal health surveillance systems between 2017 and 2023. We obtained data on bites, cases, and deaths in dogs and humans due to rabies. We estimated incidences and tested the relationships between rabies variables in human and dogs as a proxy for robust data availability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>On average, there were 162 cases and 84 deaths in dogs, while in humans, there were 53 cases and 6 deaths. We found positive correlations between dog bites and cases of dog rabies [RR\u202f=\u202f1.33, 95% credible interval (CI): 1.16, 1.54], deaths and rabies cases in dogs (RR\u202f=\u202f1.09, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.14) and death cases and dog bites (RR\u202f=\u202f1.46, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.98). However, relationships between rabies cases and dog bites in humans were not statistically significant (RR\u202f=\u202f1.00, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.03), whereas rabies cases in dogs and humans were negatively correlated (RR\u202f=\u202f0.82, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.94).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings indicate that Kenya\u2019s rabies surveillance system effectively captures trends in dog rabies but has gaps in human rabies case reporting. The weak relationship between rabies cases and dog bites in humans and the negative correlation between rabies cases in dogs and humans point to potential underreporting of human cases, that could be possibly driven by misdiagnosis or limited access to healthcare, or effective post-exposure treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Understanding these relationships is critical for improving the surveillance systems that can effectively support the rabies elimination program.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1594162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T05:23:57Z","timestamp":1750051437000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["One health surveillance: linking human and animal rabies surveillance data in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Kahariri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lian F.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Bett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Mureithi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Njuguna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nyamai","family":"Mutono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thumbi","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100595","article-title":"The global burden of neglected zoonotic diseases: current state of evidence","volume":"17","author":"Di Bari","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02487-4","article-title":"A call to accelerate an end to human rabies deaths","volume":"400","author":"Thumbi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10080976","article-title":"Critical systematic review of Zoonoses and transboundary animal diseases\u2019 prioritization in Africa","volume":"10","author":"Mpouam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Rabies control: A model for one health collaboration - WOAH","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003709","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003709","article-title":"Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies","volume":"9","author":"Hampson","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"Rabies","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0161576","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161576","article-title":"Prioritization of zoonotic diseases in Kenya, 2015","volume":"11","author":"Munyua","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1590\/S0042-96862002000400009","article-title":"Estimating human rabies mortality in the United Republic of Tanzania from dog bite injuries","volume":"80","author":"Cleaveland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5888-5","article-title":"Epidemiology and surveillance of human animal-bite injuries and rabies post-exposure prophylaxis, in selected counties in Kenya, 2011-2016","volume":"18","author":"Ngugi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Rabies elimination strategy","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4218","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.7317","article-title":"Who let the dogs out? 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