{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:21:13Z","timestamp":1792005673302,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prostate cancer in men's health has become a significant driver of global disease burden, impacting aging populations worldwide. This study assesses its prevalence from 1990 to 2021 to reveal ongoing epidemiological trends and inform effective public health strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prostate cancer prevalence estimates, including their 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), were derived from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study. Then, temporal trends spanning the past 32 years were thoroughly analyzed using Joinpoint regression, with projections for the next 25 years made using the Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort (BAPC) model. Concurrently, disease trends were decomposed into components of population growth, aging, and epidemiological changes. Additionally, age-period-cohort (APC) models were also employed to explore the impact of age, time, and cohort effect on the relative risk of prostate cancer prevalence. And the cross-country inequalities in the prevalence of prostate cancer burden were meticulously evaluated through the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI), revealing significant disparities across socio-economic strata.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2021, over 10 million prostate cancer cases were recorded worldwide\u2014a 188.85% increase from 3.6 million in 1990. The age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) rose at an estimated annual percentage change of 0.64% (95% UI: 0.47%\u22120.82%); Joinpoint regression revealed a steady increase in case numbers over 32 years, while the ASPR peaked and then slightly declined. Decomposition analysis showed population growth as the main driver (65.62%), with epidemiological changes and aging accounting for 17.97 and 16.41%, respectively. APC modeling indicated the highest relative risk around age 75\u2014nearly 10 times that of the general population (RR: 9.99; 95% CI: 9.97\u201310.01). Projections through 2046 forecast a continued rise in both total cases and ASPR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As a major health concern among older adult men, the global prevalence of prostate cancer has risen steadily since 1990, with population growth identified as the primary driver. Moreover, SDI-related disparities across 204 countries and territories have widened over time. Finally, the APC model forecasts a continuous increase in prevalence over the next 25 years, underscoring the growing disease burden and the urgent need for more targeted and effective management strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1595159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:10:09Z","timestamp":1749600609000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Global, regional, and national prevalence of prostate cancer from 1990 to 2021: a trend and health inequality analyses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaohu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuchen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaozhao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.04.021","article-title":"2022 update on prostate cancer epidemiology and risk factors-a systematic review","volume":"84","author":"Bergengren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Urol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.08.005","article-title":"Recent global patterns in prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates","volume":"77","author":"Culp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Urol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.14740\/wjon1191","article-title":"Epidemiology of prostate cancer","volume":"10","author":"Rawla","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Oncol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/ecc.12233","article-title":"The impact of prostate cancer on men's everyday life","volume":"24","author":"Appleton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Care."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14257","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214257","article-title":"Complexities of prostate cancer","volume":"23","author":"Wasim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-015-0884-2","article-title":"The effects of social support on health-related quality of life of patients with metastatic prostate cancer","volume":"31","author":"Colloca","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cancer Educ."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-1051-3","article-title":"The impact of depression and anxiety on quality of life in Chinese cancer patient-family caregiver dyads, a cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.7826","article-title":"Estimates and projections of the global economic cost of 29 cancers in 204 countries and territories from 2020 to 2050","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05265-8","article-title":"The economic burden of prostate cancer \u2013 a Swedish prevalence-based register study","volume":"20","author":"Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2005.05249.x","article-title":"The economic consequences of prostate and bladder cancer in the UK","volume":"95","author":"Sangar","year":"2005","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20408","article-title":"Human prostate cancer risk factors","volume":"101","author":"Bostwick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acuroe.2011.06.005","article-title":"Constitutional risk factors in prostate cancer","volume":"35","author":"Ferr\u00eds-i-Tortajada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Actas Urol Esp"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30041-8","article-title":"Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2017","volume":"393","author":"GBD","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.22088\/cjim.14.4.710","article-title":"Burden of prostate cancer and relationship with the Human Development Index (HDI) in Asia: a study of Global Burden Disease in 2019","volume":"14","author":"Fathollahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Caspian J Intern Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-023-01087-2","article-title":"Global and regional quality of care index for prostate cancer: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study 1990-2019","volume":"81","author":"Nowroozi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Public Health."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-023-00103-6","article-title":"Global burden of prostate cancer and association with socioeconomic status, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-025-03733-1","article-title":"Global burden of prostate cancer: age-period-cohort analysis from 1990 to 2021 and projections until 2040","volume":"23","author":"Chu","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1207506","article-title":"Increased survival with enzalutamide in prostate cancer after chemotherapy","volume":"367","author":"Scher","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-0287-y","article-title":"Considering the role of radical prostatectomy in 21st century prostate cancer care","volume":"17","author":"Costello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2019","volume":"396","author":"GBD 2019 Risk Factors","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103326","article-title":"Global burden and cross-country inequalities in autoimmune diseases from 1990 to 2019","volume":"22","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.08.002","article-title":"Changes in the global burden of depression from 1990 to 2017: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study","volume":"126","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2074535","article-title":"Global, regional and national burden of gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1990\u20132019: update from the GBD 2019 study","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2012.03.002","article-title":"Analysis of geographical disparities in temporal trends of health outcomes using space\u2013time joinpoint regression","volume":"22","author":"Goovaerts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-015-0035-6","article-title":"Temporal trends in motor vehicle fatalities in the United States, 1968 to 2010 - a joinpoint regression analysis","volume":"2","author":"Bandi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inj Epidemiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-0258(20000215)19:3<335::aid-sim336>3.0.co;2-z","article-title":"Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.2307\/2290004","article-title":"Construction of permutation tests","volume":"85","author":"Welch","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6122","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-1042","article-title":"High promoter methylation levels of APC predict poor prognosis in sextant biopsies from prostate cancer patients","volume":"13","author":"Henrique","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824464","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.824464","article-title":"Different trends in the incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer between China and the USA: a joinpoint and age-period-cohort analysis","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"B31","author":"Bray","year":"2006","journal-title":"Temporal Studies of Cancer Occurrence and Applications of the Age-Period-Cohort Method to Trends in Europe"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7519","article-title":"Correlated poisson models for age-period-cohort analysis","volume":"37","author":"Chernyavskiy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2019.04.016","article-title":"Trends and age-period-cohort effect on incidence and mortality of prostate cancer from 1990 to 2017 in China","volume":"172","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1214\/16-STS580","article-title":"A review and comparison of age\u2013period\u2013cohort models for cancer incidence","volume":"31","author":"Theresa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stat Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000901","article-title":"Decomposition analysis to identify intervention targets for reducing disparities","volume":"29","author":"Jackson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102382","article-title":"Trends and cross-country inequalities in the global burden of osteoarthritis, 1990-2019: a population-based study","volume":"99","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19337-5","article-title":"Global burden and cross-country inequalities in stroke and subtypes attributable to diet from 1990 to 2019","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01541-0","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer incidence and access to health services among children and adolescents in China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"400","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5950","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15969","article-title":"Cross-country inequalities in disease burden and care quality of chronic kidney disease due to type 2 diabetes mellitus, 1990-2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021","volume":"26","author":"Shan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04200","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04200","article-title":"Global burden and cross-country inequalities in diseases associated with high body mass index from 1990 to 2019: result from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Glob Health."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90212-U","article-title":"On the measurement of inequalities in health","volume":"33","author":"Wagstaff","year":"1991","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(96)00073-1","article-title":"Measuring the magnitude of socio-economic inequalities in health: an overview of available measures illustrated with two examples from Europe","volume":"44","author":"Mackenbach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1481","article-title":"Prediction of cancer incidence in the Nordic countries: empirical comparison of different approaches","volume":"22","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103407","article-title":"A global assessment of incidence trends of autoimmune diseases from 1990 to 2019 and predicted changes to 2040","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol30020178","article-title":"Underlying features of prostate cancer\u2014statistics, risk factors, and emerging methods for its diagnosis","volume":"30","author":"Berenguer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Oncol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0188258","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188258","article-title":"Men's perspectives of prostate cancer screening: a systematic review of qualitative studies","volume":"12","author":"James","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4265","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2019-0639","article-title":"Economic burden of illness associated with localized prostate cancer in the United States","volume":"16","author":"Gustavsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1097\/UPJ.0000000000000417","article-title":"Predictors of financial toxicity among United States prostate cancer survivors: results from a national survey","volume":"10","author":"Stone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urol Pract."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2021.12.011","article-title":"Defining the impact of family history on detection of high-grade prostate cancer in a large multi-institutional cohort","volume":"82","author":"Clements","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Urol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-021-01675-5","article-title":"BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variants and prostate cancer risk: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"126","author":"Nyberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Cancer."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21708","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2022","volume":"72","author":"Siegel","year":"2022","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.6760","article-title":"Prevalence of germline variants in prostate cancer and implications for current genetic testing guidelines","volume":"5","author":"Nicolosi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32733","article-title":"Incidence and disease burden of prostate cancer from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease study 2017","volume":"126","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2023038","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2023038","article-title":"Disease burden of prostate cancer from 2014 to 2019 in the United States: estimation from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 and medical expenditure panel survey","volume":"45","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health."},{"key":"B55","first-page":"484","article-title":"The world in 2050: more crowded, urban and aged","volume":"79","author":"Hagmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04093","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.04093","article-title":"Measurement and projection of the burden of disease attributable to population aging in 188 countries, 1990-2050: a population-based study","volume":"12","author":"Xi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Glob Health."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2020.04.010","article-title":"Advanced prostate cancer: treatment advances and future directions","volume":"6","author":"Swami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cancer."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10003","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.22.10003","article-title":"Success of a cervical cancer screening program: trends in incidence in songkhla, southern Thailand, 1989-2010, and prediction of future incidences to 2030","volume":"15","author":"Sriplung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e028497","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-028497","article-title":"Statistical projection methods for lung cancer incidence and mortality: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1200\/GO.20.00527","article-title":"Consensus on screening, diagnosis, and staging tools for prostate cancer in developing countries: a report from the first prostate cancer consensus conference for developing countries (PCCCDC)","volume":"7","author":"Carneiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCO Glob Oncol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2022.1116","article-title":"Evaluation of prostate cancer screening strategies in a low-resource, high-risk population in the Bahamas","author":"Heijnsdijk","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-022-00497-7","article-title":"Prostate cancer risk stratification improvement across multiple ancestries with new polygenic hazard score","volume":"25","author":"Huynh-Le","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.60.2557","article-title":"Prostate cancer survivorship care guideline: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline endorsement","volume":"33","author":"Resnick","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21234","article-title":"American cancer society prostate cancer survivorship care guidelines","volume":"64","author":"Skolarus","year":"2014","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1200\/OP.23.00716","article-title":"Survivorship care for people affected by advanced or metastatic cancer: MASCC-ASCO standards and practice recommendations","volume":"20","author":"Hart","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCO Oncol Pract."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.09.073577","article-title":"Accounting for model uncertainty in estimating Global Burden of Disease","volume":"89","author":"Vock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-020-00519-7","article-title":"Reflections on key methodological decisions in national burden of disease assessments","volume":"78","author":"von der Lippe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01990-1","article-title":"The Global Burden of Disease study at 30 years","volume":"28","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605763","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2023.1605763","article-title":"Certainty of the Global Burden of Disease 2019 modelled prevalence estimates for musculoskeletal conditions: a meta-epidemiological study","volume":"68","author":"Mu\u00f1oz Laguna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Public Health."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1595159\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:10:12Z","timestamp":1749600612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1595159\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1595159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1595159","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"article-number":"1595159"}}