{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T09:08:39Z","timestamp":1788080919694,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although some studies have reported correlations between economic factors and suicide rates, there is a lack of systematic analysis from a global data perspective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The most recent suicide rates (from 2017 to 2019) were obtained from the World Health Organization (WHO). The economic variables were obtained from the World Bank (WB) website. Software was used to match the suicide rates and the related variables from the database, country by country. Statistical methods were used to analyze the correlations between them.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Economic indicators, such as national income level, GDP per capita, GNI per capita, and the Gini index, are negatively correlated with suicide rates. However, this correlation was not consistent across all countries, and the direction of the association varied depending on the income levels of the countries. GDP per capita, GNI per capita, and the consumer price index were negatively correlated with suicide rates in the low-income group. A statistically significant correlation between the consumer price index and the Gini index was found in the lower-middle- and upper-middle-income groups, respectively. GDP per capita, GNI per capita, and the consumer price index showed positive correlations, but the Gini index had a negative correlation with suicide rate in the high-income group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The correlations between economic indicators and suicide rates vary by national income level, playing different roles at different stages of economic development. Differentiated and targeted monitoring of economic indicators has practical implications for suicide prevention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1596682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T04:14:10Z","timestamp":1757045650000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The correlation between economic development and suicide rate \u2014 based on the global WHO and WB database"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Juncheng","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiming","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingxiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinquan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61682-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013","volume":"385","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Preventing suicide: A global imperative","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106498","article-title":"Contributing factors to suicide: political, social, cultural and economic","volume":"152","author":"Stack","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2013-202759","article-title":"Suicide rates among working-age adults in South Korea before and after the 2008 economic crisis","volume":"68","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.09.001","article-title":"Suicides in Greece before and during the period of austerity by sex and age group: relationship to unemployment and economic variables","volume":"260","author":"Fountoulakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-018-1018-7","article-title":"Unemployment and suicide in Italy: evidence of a long-run association mitigated by public unemployment spending","volume":"20","author":"Mattei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econ"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00770-4","article-title":"Economic uncertainty and suicide in the United States","volume":"36","author":"Vandoros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.11.035","article-title":"The association between economic uncertainty and suicide in the short-run","volume":"220","author":"Vandoros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.17992\/lbl.2019.11.255","article-title":"Economic crises and incidence of suicide in Iceland 1911-2017","volume":"105","author":"Oskarsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Laeknabladid"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6992","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136992","article-title":"An exploration of the labor, financial, and economic factors related to suicide in the Republic of Kazakhstan","volume":"18","author":"Inoue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12773","article-title":"Theimpact of macroeconomic factors on suicide in 175 countries over 27 years","volume":"52","author":"Meda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat Behav"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.09.043","article-title":"Economic fluctuations and suicide: a comparison of Taiwan and Hong Kong","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"f5612","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f5612","article-title":"Economic recession and suicide","volume":"347","author":"Hawton","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.09.021","article-title":"Economic recession, alcohol, and suicide rates: comparative effects of poverty, foreclosure, and job loss","volume":"52","author":"Kerr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"41","article-title":"Economic recession, unemployment and suicide","volume":"14","author":"Duleba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Hung"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713001621","article-title":"Cause and effect in studies on unemployment, mental health and suicide: a Meta-analytic and conceptual review","volume":"44","author":"Milner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2014.09.016","article-title":"Economic correlates of violent death rates in forty countries, 1962-2008: a cross-typological analysis","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.907052","article-title":"The role of unemployment, financial hardship, and economic recession on suicidal behaviors and interventions to mitigate their impact: a review","volume":"10","author":"Mathieu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12498-1","article-title":"Socioeconomic factors associated with suicidal behaviors in South Korea: systematic review on the current state of evidence","volume":"22","author":"Raschke","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115041","article-title":"Global economic uncertainty and suicide: worldwide evidence","volume":"305","author":"Claveria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-023-02441-z","article-title":"The application of spatial analysis to understanding the association between area-level socio-economic factors and suicide: a systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2024.103329","article-title":"Analysis of the impact of financial and labour uncertainty on suicide mortality in England","volume":"89","author":"Claveria","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2023.1201","article-title":"Dynamic effect of economic growth on the persistence of suicide rates","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000785","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000785","article-title":"Worldwide impact of economic cycles on suicide trends over 3 decades: differences according to level of development. A mixed effect model study","volume":"2","author":"Blasco-Fontecilla","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2009.07.013","article-title":"Economic growth and suicide rate changes: a case in China from 1982 to 2005","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2018.06.014","article-title":"Economic stress in childhood and suicide thoughts and suicide attempts: a population-based study among adults","volume":"163","author":"Lindstr\u00f6m","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-017-1466-x","article-title":"Trends and socio-economic determinants of suicide in India: 2001-2013","volume":"53","author":"Arya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.05.057","article-title":"Social media use, economic recession and income inequality in relation to trends in youth suicide in high-income countries: a time trends analysis","volume":"275","author":"Padmanathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1512","article-title":"Income inequality by Gini-coefficient on suicide death in Iran: a review of National Data","volume":"48","author":"Veisani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckz125","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in suicide mortality in European urban areas before and during the economic recession","volume":"30","author":"Borrell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Pub Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796015000773","article-title":"Suicide mortality trends in Galicia, Spain and their relationship with economic indicators","volume":"25","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Navarro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"World Bank country and lending groups. Country Classification","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref33","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-010-0275-2","article-title":"Economic factors and suicide rates: associations over time in four countries","volume":"46","author":"Ceccherini-Nelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S116148","article-title":"Relationship between suicide rate and economic growth and stock market in the People's Republic of China: 2004-2013","volume":"12","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2020.152205","article-title":"Stronger psychological strains increase the odds of suicide death: a comparison between suicides and suicide attempters","volume":"103","author":"Lyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.03.048","article-title":"Psychological strains and youth suicide in rural China","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610207005352","article-title":"A cross-national study of the relationship between elderly suicide rates and life expectancy and markers of socioeconomic status and health care","volume":"20","author":"Shah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867416675035","article-title":"Australia's economic transition, unemployment, suicide and mental health needs","volume":"51","author":"Myles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpsm.2016.04.005","article-title":"Suicide, unemployment, and economic recession in Spain","volume":"10","author":"Iglesias-Garc\u00eda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment"},{"key":"ref41","volume-title":"Reexamination of the relationship between inflation rate and economic growth: a panel threshold analysis","author":"Monnario","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1596682\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T04:14:11Z","timestamp":1757045651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1596682\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1596682"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1596682","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"article-number":"1596682"}}