{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T06:10:02Z","timestamp":1752127802146,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forearm fractures significantly impact global health and socioeconomic systems. This study examines forearm fracture burden across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 were analyzed, including incidence (new cases occurring each year), prevalence (total existing cases at a given time), years lived with disability (YLDs, measuring time lived with reduced health due to injury), and causes categorized by injury mechanisms. Age-standardized rates (ASRs) with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated to address demographic variability. Trends were stratified by region, age, sex, and injury etiology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Globally, forearm fracture cases increased by 22.25% (from 26.1 to 31.9\u202fmillion), while age-standardized incidence rates declined by 16.75% (to 402.35 per 100,000). Prevalence rose by 39.12% (from 4.5 to 6.2\u202fmillion cases), with YLDs increasing by 42.22% (from 144,166 to 205,031). Regional variations were substantial: Oceania experienced the highest incidence surge (150%), whereas Central Europe saw a 32.17% decline. Sex-specific analysis revealed marked disparities: in the \u226575 age groups, female prevalence rates were approximately double those of males (&amp;gt;800 per 100,000 vs. ~300 per 100,000 for ages 95+). Among the older adult (\u226560\u202fyears), females showed a steeper increase in YLD rates, reaching 30 per 100,000 in the 95\u202f+\u202fage group compared with 15 per 100,000 in males. Falls were the predominant cause, particularly in Central\/Eastern Europe (&amp;gt;500 per 100,000).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite declining age-standardized rates, the absolute cases of forearm fractures is rising due to population aging and uneven healthcare access. Sex-specific prevention strategies are needed, emphasizing osteoporosis screening for postmenopausal women and workplace safety measures in regions with high mechanical-force injuries. Policymakers should prioritize resources for high-burden regions and implement targeted fall prevention programs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1598660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T05:31:41Z","timestamp":1752125501000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability of forearm fractures: a systematic analysis based on the global burden of disease study 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