{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T17:22:44Z","timestamp":1793899364617,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (TBLC) attributable to particulate matter pollution across 34 Asian countries and territories from 1990 to 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) linked to ambient particulate-matter pollution (APMP) and household air pollution (HAP) were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 dataset, and performed analyses stratified by location, gender, and age. Trends in age-standardized DALY rates (ASDRs) were quantified with Joinpoint regression. Decomposition analysis was applied to identify the contributions of population aging, population growth, and epidemiological changes to the alterations in DALYs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 1990 to 2021, APMP-related ASDR increased significantly in Asia, while HAP-related ASDR declined. In 2021, East Asia recorded the greatest APMP-associated DALYs across five GBD regions, while both South Asia and East Asia bore the heaviest HAP-related burden. China reported the highest absolute DALYs for each pollutant. Population aging and growth accounted for most of the increase in APMP-related DALYs in Asia, whereas epidemiological change chiefly explained the reduction in HAP-related DALYs. ASDRs were consistently higher in males, with wider sex disparities for APMP-related ASDR. Middle-aged and older adult populations were the most vulnerable age groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although TBLC burden attributable to HAP has fallen, disease linked to APMP remains a pressing public-health concern. Coordinated regional action and targeted interventions, particularly for men and older individuals, are essential to reduce pollution-driven TBLC across Asia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1602454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T05:33:20Z","timestamp":1753335200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Spatial patterns and temporal trends of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer attributed to particulate matter pollution in Asia and its 34 countries and territories, 1990\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Minxia","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liejiong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengjian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2025.101670","article-title":"Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in Asia: challenges: a narrative review","volume":"4","author":"Dalakoti","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Adv"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.126216","article-title":"Global, regional and national burden of lung cancer attributable to PM(2.5) air pollution: trends from 1990 to 2021 with projections to 2045","volume":"390","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Environ Manag"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542067","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1542067","article-title":"Global and East Asia tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer trend analysis from 1990 to 2021 and forecast trend from 2021 to 2035","volume":"15","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2023.06.014","article-title":"Lung cancer screening in Asia: an expert consensus report","volume":"18","author":"Lam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102706","article-title":"Challenges of lung cancer control in Asia","volume":"74","author":"Chiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.2471\/blt.18.224295","article-title":"Climate change, air pollution and non-communicable diseases","volume":"97","author":"Campbell-Lendrum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20431-x","article-title":"A systematic review of spatial and temporal epidemiological approaches, focus on lung cancer risk associated with particulate matter","volume":"24","author":"Neupane","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp\/1408092","article-title":"Outdoor particulate matter exposure and lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"122","author":"Hamra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107556","article-title":"Update of the WHO global air quality guidelines: systematic reviews \u2013 an introduction","volume":"170","author":"P\u00e9rez Velasco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(14)70168-7","article-title":"Respiratory risks from household air pollution in low and middle income countries","volume":"2","author":"Gordon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206340","article-title":"Household cooking with solid fuels contributes to ambient PM2.5 air pollution and the burden of disease","volume":"122","author":"Chafe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135319","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of cancers attributable to particulate matter pollution from 1990 to 2019 and projection to 2050: worsening or improving?","volume":"477","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"ref14","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)00757-8","article-title":"GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)00933-4","article-title":"GBD 2021 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref17","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)02840-x","article-title":"GBD 2021 HAP Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of household air pollution, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"405","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref19","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)00367-2","article-title":"GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)00476-8","article-title":"GBD 2021 Diarrhoeal Diseases Collaborators. Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950-2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(12)61899-6","article-title":"GBD 2010: design, definitions, and metrics","volume":"380","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30977-6","article-title":"GBD 2019 Demographics Collaborators. Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"396","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-0258(20000215)19:3<335::aid-sim336>3.0.co;2-z","article-title":"Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"Standardization and decomposition of rates: a user\u2019s manual","author":"Das Gupta","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref26","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/ede.0000000000001796","article-title":"Long-term associations between time-varying exposure to ambient PM 2.5 and mortality: an analysis of the UK biobank","volume":"36","author":"Vanoli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120236","article-title":"Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of lung cancer \u2013 a comparative analysis of incidence and mortality in four administrative cohorts in the ELAPSE study","volume":"263","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490973","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1490973","article-title":"Lung cancer risk and its potential association with PM(2.5) in Bagmati province, Nepal-a spatiotemporal study from 2012 to 2021","volume":"12","author":"Neupane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024010","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/2\/024010","article-title":"The impact of European legislative and technology measures to reduce air pollutants on air quality, human health and climate","volume":"11","author":"Turnock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e121","DOI":"10.1016\/s2542-5196(20)30272-2","article-title":"Premature mortality due to air pollution in European cities: a health impact assessment","volume":"5","author":"Khomenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2022GH000767","DOI":"10.1029\/2022gh000767","article-title":"Sources of PM(2.5)-associated health risks in Europe and corresponding emission-induced changes during 2005-2015","volume":"7","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geohealth"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112023","article-title":"Global burden of lung cancer attributable to ambient fine particulate matter pollution in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019","volume":"204","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202001-0002OC","article-title":"Chronic effects of high fine particulate matter exposure on lung Cancer in China","volume":"202","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171110","article-title":"Air pollutant emissions caused by receiving international industrial transfer in southeast Asian developing countries from 1990 to 2018","volume":"921","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16091636","article-title":"The impact of foreign direct investment on environment degradation: evidence from emerging markets in Asia","volume":"16","author":"To","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6922","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c04548","article-title":"Tracking PM(2.5) and O(3) pollution and the related health burden in China 2013-2020","volume":"56","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-018-9348-2","article-title":"Rapid improvement of PM2.5 pollution and associated health benefits in China during 2013\u20132017","volume":"62","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci China Earth Sci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1029\/2019gh000208","article-title":"Supply considerations for scaling up clean cooking fuels for household energy in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"3","author":"Puzzolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geohealth"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1395","DOI":"10.1016\/s2214-109x(22)00332-1","article-title":"Local Burden of Disease Household Air Pollution Collaborators. Mapping development and health effects of cooking with solid fuels in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-18: a geospatial modelling study","volume":"10","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(13)70279-1","article-title":"Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European study of cohorts for air pollution effects (ESCAPE)","volume":"14","author":"Raaschou-Nielsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109430","article-title":"Cancer burden attributable to risk factors, 1990-2019: a comparative risk assessment","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(14)71123-4","article-title":"Global burden of cancer attributable to high body-mass index in 2012: a population-based study","volume":"16","author":"Arnold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1602454\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T05:33:20Z","timestamp":1753335200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1602454\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1602454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1602454","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"article-number":"1602454"}}