{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T18:46:05Z","timestamp":1792349165692,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), widely applied in fire prevention, are persistent environmental pollutants. Accumulating evidence indicates that BFRs can trigger inflammatory responses in humans, potentially contributing to various diseases. Given the central role of inflammation in psoriasis pathogenesis, investigating the association between BFR exposure and psoriasis risk is of considerable importance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from the 2005\u20132006 and 2009\u20132014\u202fcycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). concentrations of BFRs were natural logarithmic transformed and categorized into quartiles. The association between BFR exposure and psoriasis was evaluated using multivariable regression models, restricted cubic spline analysis, mediation analysis, and interaction testing to assess both individual and combined effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 4,251 adult participants, 123 (2.9%) reported having psoriasis. After adjusting for covariates, individuals in the highest quartile of polybrominated diphenyl ether 153 (PBDE153) exposure (Q4) exhibited a significantly increased risk of psoriasis compared to those in the lowest quartile (Q1) (OR\u202f=\u202f2.89, 95% CI: 1.26\u20136.61,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.013). Restricted cubic spline analysis indicated a positive dose\u2013response relationship between PBDE153 levels and psoriasis risk (P-overall\u202f=\u202f0.012, P-nonlinear\u202f=\u202f0.881), with a significant linear trend (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) analysis revealed a statistically significant positive association between the BFR mixture and psoriasis risk (OR\u202f=\u202f1.709, 95% CI: 1.241\u20132.370,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.001). PBDE153 was identified as the primary contributor, with a weight of 0.691. In contrast, Quantile G-computation (Qgcomp) analysis showed a positive but non-significant association (psi1\u202f=\u202f0.273, 95% CI: \u22120.043 to 0.589,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.090). Notably, individuals with higher poverty income ratios exhibited increased susceptibility to psoriasis risk associated with PBDE153 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.016). Inflammation accounted for 4.35% of the relationship between PBDE153 and psoriasis (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study suggests a positive association between PBDE153 exposure and psoriasis risk, with inflammatory pathways playing a partial mediating role. However, the cross-sectional design precludes causal inference. Therefore, longitudinal studies and experimental research are needed to establish such causal relationships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1602943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T07:23:59Z","timestamp":1765351439000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Inflammation mediation of the association between brominated flame retardants and psoriasis among U.S. adults"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ming","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanqian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kesu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.12.030","article-title":"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hydroxylated PBDE metabolites (OH-PBDEs) in maternal and fetal tissues, and associations with fetal cytochrome P450 gene expression","volume":"112","author":"Zota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.08.034","article-title":"Tetrabromobisphenol a and hexabromocyclododecane flame retardants in infant-mother paired serum samples, and their relationships with thyroid hormones and environmental factors","volume":"184","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.1.4.281","article-title":"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): new pollutants-old diseases","volume":"1","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Med Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2005.06.001","article-title":"Determination of potential sources of PCBs and PBDEs in sediments of the Niagara River","volume":"139","author":"Samara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8350","article-title":"Apparent half-lives of hepta- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers in human serum as determined in occupationally exposed workers","volume":"114","author":"Thuresson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5003","DOI":"10.1021\/es104344e","article-title":"Genotoxicity of several polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hydroxylated PBDEs, and their mechanisms of toxicity","volume":"45","author":"Ji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.10.003","article-title":"Detection of polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in pediatric hair as a tool for determining in utero exposure","volume":"218","author":"Koren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2809","article-title":"Brominated flame retardants stimulate mouse immune cells in vitro","volume":"33","author":"Koike","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116142","article-title":"Effect of brominated flame retardants exposure on liver function and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the US population","volume":"273","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2022091","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.1202a91","article-title":"Association of flame-retardant clothing with mycosis fungoides: a retrospective analysis","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Pract Concept"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.08.030","article-title":"Ecotoxicity and biodegradability of new brominated flame retardants: a review","volume":"110","author":"Ezechi\u00e1\u0161","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Psoriasis targeted therapy: characterization of interleukin 17A expression in subtypes of psoriasis","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14509","article-title":"Are new variants of psoriasis therapy (IL-17 inhibitors) safe?","volume":"58","author":"Wcis\u0142o-Dziadecka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-024-01190-4","article-title":"Patient perspectives on the prevalence and burden of intertriginous psoriasis: results from a National Survey of adults with psoriasis in the United States","volume":"14","author":"Greiling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13113","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13113","article-title":"Nanodermatology-based solutions for psoriasis: state-of-the art and future prospects","volume":"32","author":"Damiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23743","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence and incidence of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in Ontario, Canada: a population-based study","volume":"71","author":"Eder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3109\/09546634.2010.550911","article-title":"The direct healthcare insurer and out-of-pocket expenditures of psoriasis: evidence from a United States national survey","volume":"23","author":"Gunnarsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)32549-6","article-title":"Psoriasis","volume":"397","author":"Griffiths","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"2013","article-title":"National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): Analytic Guidelines, 1999\u20132010. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2013. Vital and Health Statistics Series 2, No. 161. DHHS Publication","author":"Johnson","year":""},{"key":"ref20","author":"Pirkle","year":""},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115253","article-title":"Association between brominated flame retardants exposure and markers of oxidative stress in US adults: an analysis based on the National Health and nutrition examination survey 2007-2016","volume":"263","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323174","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1323174","article-title":"Association between systemic immune inflammation index, systemic inflammation response index and adult psoriasis: evidence from NHANES","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e024014","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.121.024014","article-title":"Avocado consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults","volume":"11","author":"Pacheco","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357052","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1357052","article-title":"Single and combined association between brominated flame retardants and cardiovascular disease: a large-scale cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"xv, 292","DOI":"10.1002\/0471725153","volume-title":"Regression diagnostics: Identifying influential data and sources of collinearity","author":"Belsley","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"xxiv, 791","volume-title":"Applied regression analysis and generalized linear models","author":"Fox","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s13253-014-0180-3","article-title":"Characterization of weighted quantile sum regression for highly correlated data in a risk analysis setting","volume":"20","author":"Carrico","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Agric Biol Environ Stat"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15132874","article-title":"Sex specificity in the mixed effects of blood heavy metals and cognitive function on elderly: evidence from NHANES","volume":"15","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.076","article-title":"Association between exposure to a mixture of phenols, pesticides, and phthalates and obesity: comparison of three statistical models","volume":"123","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2016.1166214","article-title":"New insights into the role of T cells in pathogenesis of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis","volume":"49","author":"Karczewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01549","article-title":"The interplay between keratinocytes and immune cells in the pathogenesis of psoriasis","volume":"9","author":"Albanesi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.02.044","article-title":"Association between persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals (PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, PCBs, and PFASs) and biomarkers of inflammation and cellular aging during pregnancy and postpartum","volume":"115","author":"Zota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2013.11.015","article-title":"Involvement of reactive oxygen species in brominated diphenyl ether-47-induced inflammatory cytokine release from human extravillous trophoblasts in vitro","volume":"274","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8873","DOI":"10.1021\/es5016839","article-title":"Measurements of selected brominated flame retardants in nursing women: implications for human exposure","volume":"48","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"172","article-title":"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants: environmental contamination, human body burden and potential adverse health effects","volume":"79","author":"Costa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/tjem.tjem_198_23","article-title":"Unraveling the clinical significance and prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune-inflammation index, systemic inflammation response index, and delta neutrophil index: an extensive literature review","volume":"24","author":"Islam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Turk J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-024-01103-0","article-title":"Association between brominated flame retardants (PBDEs and PBB153) exposure and hypertension in U.S. adults: results from NHANES 2005-2016","volume":"23","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118580","article-title":"The association between brominated flame retardants exposure with bone mineral density in US adults: a cross-sectional study of the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2005-2014","volume":"251","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.12.011","article-title":"Differences in the seasonal variation of brominated and phosphorus flame retardants in office dust","volume":"65","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.07.015","article-title":"Associations between flame retardant applications in furniture foam, house dust levels, and residents' serum levels","volume":"107","author":"Hammel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900839","article-title":"Household exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a Wisconsin cohort","volume":"117","author":"Imm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.118943","article-title":"PBDEs in the marine environment: sources, pathways and the role of microplastics","volume":"301","author":"Turner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1602943\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T07:24:01Z","timestamp":1765351441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1602943\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1602943"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1602943","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"article-number":"1602943"}}