{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T14:26:16Z","timestamp":1769005576066,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Monitoring pre-treatment drug resistance is a priority to assess the emergence of HIV resistance to antiretrovirals, especially in countries where the transition from dolutegravir-based regimens is already effective on a large scale. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of resistance mutations to different classes of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in HIV-1-na\u00efve persons in Togo in 2023. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 30 HIV care centers for people living with HIV in Togo between March and August 2023. Persons newly diagnosed with HIV-1, aged 18 and over and na\u00efve to any ART with a viral load \u2265 6500.00 copies\/ml were included for genotypic resistance testing for protease (PR), reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN) genes using Next-generation sequencing. Mutations were interpreted using the updated Stanford HIVDB and ANRS algorithms after genotypic testing for protease, reverse transcriptase and integrase resistance. Among 376 enrolled\n                    <jats:italic>people living with HIV<\/jats:italic>\n                    (PLHIV), resistance analyses were carried out on 321 samples. The median age was 39 years, Interquartile range (IQR) [30-47] and 64.9% were women. No resistance mutations to dolutegravir (DTG) were detected. However, accessory mutations (genetic changes that do not confer significant resistance by themselves) as E157Q\/E157EQ (43\/57) and T97A\/T97TA (14\/57) associated with resistance against first-generation integrase inhibitors (INIs) as raltegravir, elvitegravir were found in 17.2% of samples. No major mutations (genetic changes that, on their own, confer high-level resistance of the virus to one or more antiretroviral drugs) were observed in the protease gene. The mutations as T215TS and K70KE (\n                    <jats:italic>detected as a mixture<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) associated with possible resistance were detected in 0.6% (2\/316) for NRTIs and 6.3% (20\/316) for NNRTIs. The most frequent NNRTI mutations were K103N (4.4%) and G190A (1.3%). The dominant subtypes were CRF02_AG (64.8%) and CRF06_cpx (12.8%). These results support the continued use of dolutegravir-based regimens in Togo and call for continued monitoring of primary resistance to maintain the effectiveness of therapeutic strategies in Togo.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1605763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T05:22:30Z","timestamp":1762320150000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of primary HIV-1 drug resistance among antiretroviral-na\u00efve individuals in Togo in 2023: a national study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alassane","family":"Ouro-Medeli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rom\u00e9o M.","family":"Togan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Butel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rogatien","family":"Atoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Youa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Komlan","family":"Ali-Edje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Messanh","family":"Douffan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phyllis","family":"Ehlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kokou","family":"Tegueni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romaric","family":"Amenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abla Ahouefa","family":"Konou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mounerou","family":"Salou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Didier K.","family":"Ekouevi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Peeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anoumou C.","family":"Dagnra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD008651","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008651","article-title":"Stavudine or zidovudine in three-drug combination therapy for initial treatment of HIV infection in antiretroviral-na\u00efve 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