{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:02:03Z","timestamp":1790787723789,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NO. 2020-JYB-ZDGG-115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. 2020-JYB-ZDGG-115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Air pollution is a major environmental risk to human health, with increasing evidence linking it to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, findings remain inconsistent. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the relationship between air pollutants and the risk of NAFLD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched for studies published up to March 20, 2025. A random effects model was used to estimate combined odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, funnel plots, and Egger's test were conducted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 12 studies, including 49,549,903 participants (published between 2022 and 2024), were analyzed. For each 10 \u03bcg\/m3 increase in pollutants, the ORs were 1.22 (1.16\u20131.29) for particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter \u2264 2.5 \u03bcm (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>), 1.15 (0.95\u20131.40) for particulate matter between 2.5 and 10 \u03bcm in aerodynamic diameter (PM<jats:sub>2.5 \u2212 10<\/jats:sub>), and 1.07 (1.01\u20131.13) for particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter \u2264 10 \u03bcm (PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>). For gaseous pollutants, the ORs were 1.45 (0.92\u20132.28) for sulfur dioxide (SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and 1.10 (1.06\u20131.14) for nitrogen dioxide (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>). No notable connection emerged between ozone (O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) or carbon monoxide (CO) and NAFLD. Subgroup analysis revealed stronger associations for PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>, PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>, and NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> with NAFLD in developed countries, Europe, and cohort studies, compared to developing countries, Asia, and cross-sectional studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This analysis supports a positive relationship between air pollution and NAFLD risk. Geographic region and economic development appear to moderate this association.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42024594146<\/jats:ext-link>, Identifier: CRD42024594146.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1606959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T05:19:56Z","timestamp":1755580796000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association between air pollution and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an updated 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