{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:26:03Z","timestamp":1790022363766,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) significantly impacted healthcare systems worldwide, especially improving awareness of infection prevention and control in medical institutions. However, it remains unclear to what extent COVID-19 influenced the occurrence of bloodstream infection (BSI). This study aimed to analyze the distribution and antibiotic resistance patterns of pathogens responsible for BSI before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in a tertiary hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pathogens from patients with BSI were collected from January 2018 to December 2022. Pathogen identification was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using broth microdilution, the Kirby-Bauer (K-B) disk diffusion method, and Etest. Data were analyzed using WHONET and SPSS software. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Research Committee of the hospital (2023-11-C026).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the blood culture submission rate decreased from 12.82 to 11.07%, while the standardized blood culture positivity rate increased from 0.53 to 0.62%. Among the identified pathogens, Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 67.90%, Gram-positive bacteria for 28.82%, and fungi for 3.28%. The most frequently isolated pathogens were <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>. The resistance rate of <jats:italic>E.coli<\/jats:italic> to ciprofloxacin increased from 60.10 to 66.84% post-pandemic, whereas <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> showed a reduction in cefepime resistance, decreasing from 25.42 to 15.54%. Additionally, the proportion of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> increased from 35.93 to 50.63%. In contrast, <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> exhibited no significant changes in resistance to commonly used antibiotics post-pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the distribution and antibiotic resistance of pathogens in patients with BSI. Notably, the prevalence of ESBL-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> were increased, while the isolation rates of other multidrug-resistant organisms remained relatively stable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1607801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T05:30:28Z","timestamp":1753680628000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Influence of COVID-19 pandemic on the distribution and drug resistance of pathogens in patients with bloodstream infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiujuan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12195","article-title":"Overall burden of bloodstream infection and nosocomial bloodstream infection in North America and Europe","volume":"19","author":"Goto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.37201\/req\/066.2022","article-title":"Unresolved issues in the epidemiology and diagnosis of bacteremia: an opinion paper","volume":"35","author":"Alonso-Mench\u00e9n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Esp Quimioter"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2018.03.005","article-title":"Long-term morbidity and mortality following bloodstream infection. 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