{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T18:57:19Z","timestamp":1774637839004,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Kazakhstan, transformation of the private healthcare sector as the country transitioned from lower-middle-income to upper-middle-income status has rarely been a subject of academic debate. This study aimed to analyze of health sector indicators disaggregated by type of ownership over the period of 10\u202fyears (from 2011 to 2020).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a retrospective cross-sectional study, which was based on official healthcare statistics presented by the Ministry of Health. Relative change (RC) was computed to identify trends in changes over time and was expressed as a proportion with 95% confidence intervals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In contrast with the government-owned health facilities, the overall number of private facilities increased over time, although this growth was less obvious in per capita terms. The number and density of private PHC facilities grew more substantially than those of outpatient facilities. PHC practitioners employed by the government-owned facilities admit more patients than practitioners of the private PHC facilities do. There is an uneven presence of the private health sector in different medical specialties with maternity, ophthalmology, dentistry, narcology, multidisciplinary, as well as palliative and nursing care being the most common.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Such data are needed by decision-makers to tailor public health strategies focused on the stewardship of the private health sector, which would help improve the availability and affordability of medical services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1608557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T05:30:23Z","timestamp":1756704623000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Transformation of the private healthcare sector in the Republic of Kazakhstan following healthcare reforms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Smagulov","family":"Alibek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kurakbayev","family":"Kuralbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baimakhanov","family":"Abylai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhandossov","family":"Olzhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abilkaiyr","family":"Nazerke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhakupova","family":"Maiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bapayeva","family":"Magripa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kapanova","family":"Gulnara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alikeyeva","family":"Galiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makhanbetkulova","family":"Dinara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1590\/S0042-96862002000400012","article-title":"What can be done about the private health sector in low-income countries?","volume":"80","author":"Mills","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref2","year":""},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.13.030513","article-title":"Rocky road from the Semashko to a new health model. Interview by Fiona fleck","volume":"91","author":"Sheiman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"492","article-title":"Epidemiology of offences against health in the Republic of Kazakhstan: 2015-2019","volume":"28","author":"Tsigengagel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Law Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1751(199707\/09)12:3<219::AID-HPM482>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Reforming health care in the republic of Kazakstan","volume":"12","author":"Ensor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manag"},{"key":"ref6","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref7","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref8","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref9","year":""},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2020.02.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of pre-eclampsia in the Republic of Kazakhstan: maternal and neonatal outcomes","volume":"20","author":"Nurgaliyeva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2015.04.009","article-title":"Sociodemographic factors associated with infant abandonment in maternity hospitals in Kazakhstan: a case-control study","volume":"129","author":"Yelissinova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref12","year":""},{"key":"ref13","year":""},{"key":"ref14","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ckw175.158","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckw175.158","article-title":"Hospital-replacing technologies as an effective medical treatment from: Aiman Ozhikenova","volume":"26","author":"Ozhikenova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Pub Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.20.395","article-title":"Anticipating the need for healthcare resources following the escalation of the COVID-19 outbreak in the Republic of Kazakhstan","volume":"53","author":"Semenova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Nonprofit organizations: an introduction","author":"Anheier","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref18","author":"Robertson","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref19","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"21","article-title":"Analysis of healthcare spending in Kazakhstan for effective planning","author":"Omirbayeva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Norwegian J Dev Int Sci"},{"key":"ref21","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13204","article-title":"Alcohol control policies in former Soviet Union countries: a narrative review of three decades of policy changes and their apparent effects","volume":"40","author":"Neufeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290910","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1290910","article-title":"Editorial: public health challenges in post-soviet countries during and beyond COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Glushkova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1608557\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T05:30:24Z","timestamp":1756704624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1608557\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1608557"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1608557","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"article-number":"1608557"}}