{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:16:01Z","timestamp":1788268561344,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged as one of the most serious pandemics that impacted health systems and world economies. Vaccination against the pandemic was considered as an effective tool for the prevention and containment of the virus. Following the outbreak of the Coronavirus pandemic, efforts were made to enhance procurement and distribution of vaccines across countries with the view to containing the pandemic. However, evidence suggested that several factors hindered access, acceptance and use of the COVID-19 vaccines across the globe. This scoping review, thus, explored factors that influenced access, acceptance and use of the COVID-19 vaccines among Ghanaians and strategies that were needed to improve vaccine uptake especially for the vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We adopted the five-stage analytic framework developed by Arksey and O\u2019Malley to map existing literature on what has been done and documented on the subject. We searched various electronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane, African journal online (AJOL), and Google Scholar for relevant articles for the review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In all, fifty-four (54) articles retrieved met our eligibility criteria and were included in this review. Health system factors including untimely payment of vaccinators allowances, shortfalls in logistics and vaccines, lack of transport and long queues at vaccination centers affected access and uptake of the COVID-19 vaccines in Ghana. Additionally, beliefs and perceptions including myths, misconceptions and misinformation around the virus and the vaccines affected people\u2019s decision-making to participate in the vaccination exercise. Also, negative reportage through social media platforms created mistrust in COVID-19 vaccine intensions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Even though Ghana made significant progress in addressing the Coronavirus pandemic, hesitancy factors played a crucial role in diminishing Ghana\u2019s effort towards meeting global targets in containing the virus and reducing its impact. Strengthening Ghana\u2019s public health preparedness and response strategy, through a community-based approach and multi-stakeholder engagement, could improve immunization programs and vaccines uptake in addressing future pandemics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1610765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T06:37:47Z","timestamp":1771223867000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Factors affecting equitable access and uptake of COVID-19 vaccines in Ghana: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Akazili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences","place":["Navrongo, Ghana"]},{"name":"Bergen Centre for Ethics and Priority, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Anaseba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health, Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Chatio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navrongo Health Research Centre","place":["Navrongo, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel Adurayi","family":"Amenah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health, Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Malik","family":"Achala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Health Economics and Policy Association (AfHEA)","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senait Aleamyehu","family":"Beshah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Health Economics and Policy Association (AfHEA)","place":["Accra, Ghana"]},{"name":"Ethiopian Public Health Institute","place":["Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chijioke O.","family":"Nwosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Finance, University of the Free State","place":["Bloemfontein, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nyasha","family":"Masuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zimbabwe College of Public Health Physicians","place":["Harare, Zimbabwe"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Thato","family":"Tlhakanelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana","place":["Gaborone, Botswana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifeanyi","family":"Chikezie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Systems and Development Research Group, Veritas University Abuja","place":["Abuja, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Naa Adukwei","family":"Adote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Health Economics and Policy Association (AfHEA)","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace Njeri","family":"Muriithi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Health Economics and Policy Association (AfHEA)","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Ele-Ojo","family":"Ataguba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Health Economics and Policy Association (AfHEA)","place":["Accra, Ghana"]},{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]},{"name":"Partnership for Economic Policy (PEP)","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]},{"name":"School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria","place":["Pretoria, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004846","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic: effects on low- and middle-income countries","volume":"131","author":"Bong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-020-00801-2","article-title":"Global assessment of environment, health and economic impact of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19)","volume":"23","author":"Sarkodie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Dev Sustain"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6314","DOI":"10.3390\/su13116314","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social, health, and economy","volume":"13","author":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e055159","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055159","article-title":"Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from six national phone surveys","volume":"11","author":"Kanyanda","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1920_20","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on health system & sustainable development goal 3","volume":"151","author":"Khetrapal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0002822","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002822","article-title":"Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among persons with disabilities: a cross-sectional study in Ghana","volume":"4","author":"Atta-Osei","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010190","article-title":"Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine uptake among health professionals: a cross-sectional study in Ghana","volume":"11","author":"Mohammed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2021.09.015","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy concerns: findings from a Ghana clinical radiography workforce survey","volume":"28","author":"Botwe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s41256-022-00255-1","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Africa: a scoping review","volume":"7","author":"Ackah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob Health Res Policy"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0298810","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298810","article-title":"Healthcare professionals\u2019 perception and COVID-19 vaccination attitudes in North-Western Ghana: a multi-center analysis","volume":"19","author":"Balegha","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0263610","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263610","article-title":"Media attention and vaccine hesitancy: examining the mediating effects of fear of COVID-19 and the moderating role of trust in leadership","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11040873","article-title":"Factors influencing the intention and uptake of COVID-19 vaccines on the African continent: a scoping review","volume":"11","author":"Naidoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5063","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.2008729","article-title":"Guarding against COVID-19 vaccine hesitance in Ghana: analytic view of personal health engagement and vaccine related attitude","volume":"17","author":"Addo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10071038","article-title":"Access to vaccination among disadvantaged, isolated and difficult-to-reach communities in the WHO European region: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Ekezie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003820","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003820","article-title":"To vaccinate or not to vaccinate? Experiences of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among people living with non-communicable diseases in Ghana: a qualitative study","volume":"4","author":"Baatiema","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Glob Public Health."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-023-00564-2","article-title":"Vaccine inequity: a threat to Africa\u2019s recovery from COVID-19","volume":"51","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"ref17","year":""},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2034457","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2034457","article-title":"Low coverage of COVID-19 vaccines in Africa: current evidence and the way forward","volume":"18","author":"Lawal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2022.43.165.37314","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy trends in Ghana: a cross-sectional study exploring the roles of political allegiance, misinformation beliefs, and sociodemographic factors","volume":"43","author":"Brackstone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pan African Med J"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4314\/just.v42i2.1","article-title":"Covid-19 vaccine acceptance and risk perception in Ghana: insights from a study on tertiary-level students and surrounding residents in Kumasi","volume":"42","author":"Darko","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Sci Technol Ghana"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2021.101375","article-title":"From Arksey and O\u2019Malley and beyond: customizations to enhance a team-based, mixed approach to scoping review methodology","volume":"8","author":"Westphaln","year":"2021","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-09","article-title":"Scoping reviews","volume-title":"JBI manual for evidence synthesis","author":"Peters","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/25151355221149336","article-title":"Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics influencing the hesitancy and refusal of COVID-19 vaccine in Ghana","volume":"11","author":"Sampene","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32318-7","article-title":"Challenges in creating herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection by mass vaccination","volume":"396","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-022-00827-0","article-title":"Trust and willingness towards COVID-19 vaccine uptake: a mixed-method study in Ghana, 2021","volume":"80","author":"Amo-Adjei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v56i3.4","article-title":"Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy among healthcare professionals in the Kintampo north municipality, bono east region, Ghana","volume":"56","author":"Asumah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ghana Med J"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70210","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70210","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine uptake and associated factors among persons with disabilities in Ghana\u2019s Ashanti region","volume":"7","author":"Seidu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-024-06736-5","article-title":"Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake: evidence from a vulnerable global south setting","volume":"17","author":"Amoah","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v56i4.2","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and its determinants in the bono region of Ghana","volume":"56","author":"Forkuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ghana Med J"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-021-00357-5","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among the adult population in Ghana: evidence from a pre-vaccination rollout survey","volume":"49","author":"Alhassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Health."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211495","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2211495","article-title":"Hesitant or not: a cross-sectional study of socio-demographics, conspiracy theories, trust in public health information, social capital and vaccine hesitancy among older adults in Ghana","volume":"19","author":"Morgan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0293350","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293350","article-title":"Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among persons aged 18 years and above in Ga north municipality, Ghana using the health belief model: a community-based cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Nasiratu","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.4314\/gjds.v20i1.14","article-title":"Factors influencing intentions and acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines in Ghana","volume":"20","author":"Udor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ghana J Dev Stud"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v57i1.2","article-title":"A survey of public perception, knowledge and factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine acceptability in five communities in Ghana","volume":"57","author":"Yorke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ghana Med J"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3881","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1963600","article-title":"Non-life-threatening adverse reactions from COVID-19 vaccine; a cross-sectional study with self-reported symptoms among Ghanaian healthcare workers","volume":"17","author":"Serwaa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2021.10.2.183","article-title":"A nationwide survey of the potential acceptance and determinants of COVID-19 vaccines in Ghana","volume":"10","author":"Lamptey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Vaccine Res"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0270742","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270742","article-title":"Covid-19 vaccination intensions among literate Ghanaians: still the need to dissipate fear and build trust on vaccine efficacy?","volume":"17","author":"Awuni","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9998176","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9998176","article-title":"Acceptability of COVID-19 vaccination among health care workers in Ghana","volume":"2021","author":"Agyekum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Public Health"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.02.024","article-title":"Examining confidence and hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccines: a cross-sectional survey using in-person data collection in rural Ghana","volume":"41","author":"Afreh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2021.1012.043","article-title":"Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy among healthcare workers: the case of pharmacy staff of the Korle Bu teaching hospital","volume":"10","author":"Ankrah","year":"2021","journal-title":"IntJCurrMicrobiolAppSci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-021-00657-1","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine uptake among health care workers in Ghana: a case for targeted vaccine deployment campaigns in the global south","volume":"19","author":"Alhassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13602-1","article-title":"Financing COVID-19 vaccination in sub-Saharan Africa: lessons from a nation-wide willingness to pay (WTP) survey in Ghana","volume":"22","author":"Alhassan","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.20","article-title":"Association between health and safety perceptions of COVID-19 vaccine and its uptake in Ghana","volume":"1","author":"Aram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health Challenges"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0002674","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002674","article-title":"Factors associated with initial AstraZeneca vaccine knowledge, attitudes, and uptake among hospital nurses: a cross-sectional study in Ghana\u2019s upper east region","volume":"4","author":"Atongu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Global Public Health"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0272801","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272801","article-title":"Parents\u2019 and guardians\u2019 acceptability of COVID-19 vaccination for children in Ghana: an online survey","volume":"17","author":"Kyei-Arthur","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9080814","article-title":"Examining vaccine hesitancy in sub-Saharan Africa: a survey of the knowledge and attitudes among adults to receive COVID-19 vaccines in Ghana","volume":"9","author":"Acheampong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0272876","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272876","article-title":"Facilitators and barriers to COVID-19 vaccine uptake among women in two regions of Ghana: a qualitative study","volume":"17","author":"Afrifa-Anane","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"42","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic vaccine uptake, hesitancy, and myths: the worldview of older Ghanaian adults","volume":"1","author":"Dovie","year":"2023","journal-title":"African J Age Stud"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e076184","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-076184","article-title":"Health service factors affecting the COVID-19 vaccination campaign in a Ghanaian metropolis: a qualitative exploratory study","volume":"13","author":"Abraham","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3626862","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3626862","article-title":"Promoting COVID-19 vaccine acceptance through community engagement: an ethnographic study in Ghana","volume":"2023","author":"Aberese-Ako","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Public Health"},{"key":"ref53","year":""},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-023-00214-9","article-title":"Lay beliefs of COVID-19 vaccine refusal among intercity commercial drivers in the Volta region of Ghana: recommendations for improved vaccine uptake","volume":"10","author":"Manu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0001435","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001435","article-title":"Hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccination: the role of personality traits, anti-vaccine attitudes and illness perception","volume":"2","author":"Nanteer-Oteng","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Glob Public Health."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613794","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomm.2021.613794","article-title":"Misconceptions, misinformation and politics of COVID-19 on social media: a multi-level analysis in Ghana","volume":"6","author":"Tabong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Commun (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-023-00519-7","article-title":"Public relations strategies employed by the Ghana health service to address COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: a qualitative inquiry","volume":"51","author":"McCarthy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Med Health."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1108\/JICA-05-2023-0032","article-title":"Factors influencing the perception and the willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine among the working population in Ghana","volume":"31","author":"Sackey","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Integr Care"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12902","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182412902","article-title":"Knowledge into the practice against COVID-19: a cross-sectional study from Ghana","volume":"18","author":"Yeboah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270768","article-title":"The level and determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Ghana","volume":"17","author":"Okai","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"452","article-title":"Coronavirus disease vaccination among persons with disabilities: understanding vaccine perceptions and hesitancy in Ghana","author":"Opoku","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202119","DOI":"10.30935\/ojcmt\/11200","article-title":"Unmasking COVID-19 vaccine \u201cInfodemic\u201d in the social media","volume":"11","author":"Demuyakor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Online J Commun Media Technol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0239797","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239797","article-title":"The unequal impact of the coronavirus pandemic: evidence from seventeen developing countries","volume":"15","author":"Bottan","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-023-00330-9","article-title":"Assessing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and barriers to uptake in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"3","author":"Wollburg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200730040-00007","article-title":"Safety monitoring of a new pentavalent vaccine in the expanded programme on immunisation in Ghana","volume":"30","author":"Dodoo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2021.38.3.27401","article-title":"Dealing with vaccine hesitancy in Africa: the prospective COVID-19 vaccine context","volume":"38","author":"Afolabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11071180","article-title":"Community-based approaches to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake and demand: lessons learned from four UNICEF-supported interventions","volume":"11","author":"Hopkins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0292532","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292532","article-title":"Understanding COVID-19 vaccination behaviors and intentions in Ghana: a behavioral insights (BI) study","volume":"19","author":"Vepachedu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08029-x","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and acceptability of COVID-19 vaccine among residents in rural communities in Ghana: a multi-regional study","volume":"23","author":"Amponsah-Tabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2024.100463","article-title":"Determinants of vaccination decisions and lived experiences of Ghanaians with the COVID-19 pandemic; a qualitative study","volume":"17","author":"Aggrey-Bluwey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccine: X"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0002738","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002738","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination uptake among healthcare workers in Ghana: a comprehensive analysis of knowledge, attitude, perceived vaccine effectiveness, and health belief model constructs","volume":"4","author":"Mbele","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Global Public Health"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0250246","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250246","article-title":"Factors associated with iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant teenagers in Ashanti Region, Ghana: a hospital-based prospective cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Annan","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.29063\/ajrh2022\/v26i5.13","article-title":"Socio-cultural factors influencing teenage pregnancy in the East Mamprusi Municipality","volume":"26","author":"Dubik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ghana. Afr J Reprod Health."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0299222","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299222","article-title":"Aetiological agents of pneumonia among HIV and non-HIV infected children in Ghana: a case-control study","volume":"19","author":"Owusu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.30574\/wjarr.2022.16.1.1130","article-title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis B infections and associated risk factors among pregnant women at Hawa Memorial Saviour Hospital in the Abuakwa North Municipality, Ghana","volume":"16","author":"Bobie","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Adv Res Rev"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7871","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19137871","article-title":"Predictors of COVID-19 stress and COVID-19 vaccination acceptance among adolescents in Ghana","volume":"19","author":"Adjaottor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1974927","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1610765\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:28:57Z","timestamp":1788265737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1610765\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1610765"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1610765","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"article-number":"1610765"}}