{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T14:27:56Z","timestamp":1754144876345,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>As a new obesity-related index, the weight-adjusted waist circumference index (WWI) seems to be a good predictor of cognitive decline in hypertensive patients. This study aimed to verify the relationship between WWI and cognitive decline in Chinese hypertensive patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were obtained from the Hypertension Follow-up System of Shandong Province. WWI was calculated by dividing waist circumference by the square root of body weight, and cognitive decline was judged based on Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scale scores. Multivariate logistic regression models and subgroup analyses were used to assess the relationship between WWI and cognitive decline in hypertensive patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 2,204 participants were included. There was a positive association between WWI and cognitive decline in hypertension (HCD). After adjusting for all covariates, a one-unit increase in WWI was associated with a 12% increase in the risk of cognitive decline in hypertensive patients (OR: 1.12, 95%CI: 1.04\u20131.21). In addition, the multivariable-adjusted OR for the highest quartile (11.16\u201316.76) compared with the lowest quartile of WWI (7.00\u201310.11) was 1.61 (95% CI: 1.30\u20132.00).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Chinese hypertensive patients, high levels of WWI were significantly associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline. This finding suggests that WWI may be an indicator of the risk of cognitive decline affecting hypertensive patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1632358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T04:13:34Z","timestamp":1752639214000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between weight-adjusted waist circumference index and risk of cognitive decline in Chinese hypertensive patients: a case-control study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mengdi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donghai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xipeng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenchao","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yudong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huachen","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103323","article-title":"Association of estimated white matter hyperintensity age with cognition in elderly with controlled hypertension","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17695989","article-title":"Poster viewing Session II","volume":"37","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10071022","article-title":"The FAAH inhibitor URB597 modulates lipid mediators in the brain of rats with spontaneous hypertension","volume":"10","author":"Biernacki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomol Ther"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpv081","article-title":"Hypertension, dietary sodium, and cognitive decline: results from the women\u2019s health initiative memory study","volume":"29","author":"Haring","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31817","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000031817","article-title":"Factors leading to the trajectory of cognitive decline in middle-aged and older adults using group-based trajectory modeling: a cohort study","volume":"101","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122417","article-title":"Association of dietary inflammatory potential with blood inflammation: the prospective markers on mild cognitive impairment","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1159\/000323759","article-title":"Combined effects of cognitive impairment and hypertension on total mortality in elderly people: the kangwha cohort study","volume":"57","author":"Gombojav","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948194","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.948194","article-title":"Association between the weight-adjusted-waist index and abdominal aortic calcification in United States adults: results from the national health and nutrition examination survey 2013\u20132014","volume":"9","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16753","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35073-4","article-title":"A novel adiposity index as an integrated predictor of cardiometabolic disease morbidity and mortality","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007557","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1007557","article-title":"Positive association between weight-adjusted-waist index and hyperuricemia in patients with hypertension: the China H-type hypertension registry study","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.05.033","article-title":"Association of weight-adjusted-waist index with incident hypertension: the rural Chinese cohort study","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05027-w","article-title":"Positive association between weight-adjusted-waist index and dementia in the Chinese population with hypertension: a cross-sectional study","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-1533.2023.21.005","article-title":"Analytical clinical medicine research: key points of casecontrol study design","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Shanghai Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-021-00704-3","article-title":"Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.11909\/j.issn.1671-5411.2019.03.014","article-title":"2018 chinese guidelines for prevention and treatment of hypertension-a report of the revision committee of chinese guidelines for prevention and treatment of hypertension","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"J geriatr cardiol: JGC"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10208-8","article-title":"Hearing loss and cognitive decline in the general population: a prospective cohort study","volume":"268","author":"Croll","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x","article-title":"The mini-mental state examination: a comprehensive review","volume":"40","author":"Tombaugh","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143019","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1143019","article-title":"A risk prediction model based on machine learning for early cognitive impairment in hypertension: development and validation study","volume":"11","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959700","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.959700","article-title":"The impact of socioeconomic status and sleep quality on the prevalence of multimorbidity in older adults","volume":"10","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980010002806","article-title":"Examining the validity and reliability of the chinese version of the international physical activity questionnaire, long form (IPAQ-LC)","volume":"14","author":"Macfarlane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00952","article-title":"High low-density lipoprotein cholesterol inversely relates to dementia in community-dwelling older adults: the Shanghai aging study","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691423","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.691423","article-title":"Long-term increase in cholesterol is associated with better cognitive function: evidence from a longitudinal study","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-018-0373-5","article-title":"Increases in total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein associated with decreased cognitive performance in healthy elderly adults","volume":"34","author":"Stough","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205017666200810165758","article-title":"Association of Circulating Cholesterol Level with cognitive function and mild cognitive impairment in the elderly: a community-based population study","volume":"17","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152301","article-title":"Mitigation of memory impairment with fermented fucoidan and \u03bb-carrageenan supplementation through modulating the gut microbiota and their metagenome function in hippocampal amyloid-\u03b2 infused rats","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5114\/fn.2019.85929","article-title":"Risk factors for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"57","year":"2019","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa070","article-title":"The contribution of tissue-grouped BMI-associated gene sets to cardiometabolic-disease risk: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"49","author":"Verkouter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e261","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007779","article-title":"Midlife adiposity predicts cognitive decline in the prospective multicenter AIDS cohort study","volume":"93","author":"Rubin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220788","article-title":"Relationship between weight-change patterns and cognitive function: a retrospective study","volume":"91","author":"Gong","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAD"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03301-2","article-title":"Body mass index and trajectories of the cognition among chinese middle and old-aged adults","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16814","article-title":"Changes in body mass index are related to faster cognitive decline among african american older adults","volume":"68","author":"Aiken-Morgan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J American Geriatrics Soc"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3844","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183844","article-title":"Impact of body composition parameters on lung function in athletes","volume":"14","author":"Komici","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-023-01411-7","article-title":"Fat mass is associated with subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without established cardiovascular diseases","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Therapy"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2284-5667","article-title":"Association between triglyceride glucose index with cognitive impairment and dementia in adult population: a meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200332","article-title":"Association between lipid accumulation product and mild cognitive impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"77","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa208","article-title":"Weight-adjusted waist index reflects fat and muscle mass in the opposite direction in older adults","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0294","article-title":"Associations between weight-adjusted waist index and abdominal fat and muscle mass: multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061243","article-title":"Obesity-related brain cholinergic system impairment in high-fat-diet-fed rats","volume":"14","author":"Martinelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12003","article-title":"Obesity and C-reactive protein in various populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2022.2048546","article-title":"T-stage-specific abdominal visceral fat, haematological nutrition indicators and inflammation as prognostic factors in patients with clear renal cell carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adipocytes"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3819830","article-title":"Association of obesity indices with diabetic kidney disease and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes: a real-world study","volume":"2023","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76741-8","article-title":"Association of maternal central adiposity measured by ultrasound in early mid pregnancy with infant birth size","volume":"10","author":"Lindberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11949","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182211949","article-title":"Negative association between acrylamide exposure and metabolic syndrome markers in adult population","volume":"18","author":"Hung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-023-02649-8","article-title":"Relationship between cognitive function and weight-adjusted waist index in people\u202f\u2265\u202f60 years old in NHANES 2011-2014","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10174021","article-title":"Is obesity a risk or protective factor for open-angle glaucoma in adults? A two-database, asian, matched-cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5202","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095202","article-title":"Obesity as a risk factor for dementia and alzheimer\u2019s disease: the role of leptin","volume":"23","author":"Flores-Cordero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.01027","article-title":"The role of leptin and adiponectin in obesity-associated cognitive decline and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Forny-Germano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00300","article-title":"Cognitive change during the life course and leukocyte telomere length in late middle-aged men","volume":"8","author":"Rask","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00375","article-title":"Obesity and cognitive decline: role of inflammation and vascular changes","volume":"8","author":"Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906539","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.906539","article-title":"Changes in adiposity and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers following a modified mediterranean ketogenic diet in older adults at risk for alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Brinkley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases12060119","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk assessment in a cohort of children and adolescents diagnosed with hyperinsulinemia","volume":"12","author":"Sodero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100476","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk assessment in the resource limited setting of Western Honduras: an epidemiological perspective","volume":"27","author":"Montalvan Sanchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.239806","article-title":"Diets Containing Shiitake Mushroom Reduce Serum Lipids and Serum Lipophilic Antioxidant Capacity in Rats123","volume":"146","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nutr"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1632358\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T04:13:37Z","timestamp":1752639217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1632358\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1632358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1632358","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-2565"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"article-number":"1632358"}}