{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:49:07Z","timestamp":1791478147540,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>E-cigarettes use \u201cvaping\u201d is a growing public health concern. The Arabic-validated Vaping Attitude and Perceptions Scale (VAPeS) instrument assesses vaping determinants across five constructs: Social Influence, Perceived Harms, Vaping Pleasure, Behavioral Influences, and Economic and Self-Efficacy. We aimed to examine the prevalence of cigarette, e-cigarette, and narghile use among Arab university students and to identify the associations between demographic\/VAPeS-related variables and the smoking attitudes among vapers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional survey was distributed online among university students across Arab countries during January\u2013April 2025. Prevalence estimates were calculated using one-sample proportions with Wilson Score confidence intervals. The modified VAPeS scale comprising four constructs after confirmatory factor analysis (Social Influence, Perceived Benefits, Behavioral Influence - Risk, and Behavioral Influence - Situational Triggers) was used to assess tobacco use attitudes. The primary outcome was the Endorsement of Tobacco Use Attitude Score (ETUAS). Multivariate analyses using multinomial logistic and linear regressions were conducted to examine factors associated with tobacco use attitudes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 1,338 university students surveyed, the majority were from Kuwait (21.0%), Egypt (18.5%), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA, 17.8%), Jordan (16.7%), and the United Arab Emirates (UAE, 10.0%). Vaping was the most prevalent form of tobacco use (21.2%), surpassing narghile (12.9%) and cigarette smoking (10.8%). Multivariate analyses revealed that male students were more likely to engage in all three tobacco use forms. Male sex was associated with higher prevalence of vaping (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)\u202f=\u202f6.97;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), with higher odds among UAE students (AOR\u202f=\u202f2.31;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.013), and lower odds among those studying in Egypt, Jordan, and KSA. Among current smokers, the mean ETUAS indicated a moderate level of agreement with attitudinal statements endorsing tobacco use (3.25\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.92). In linear regression among vapers, male sex (\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f\u22120.325;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.003), Social Influence (\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.300;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), and Behavioral Influence - Situational Trigger (\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.205;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.002) were significantly associated with favorable attitudes toward tobacco use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This multinational study found vaping to be the leading form of tobacco use among Arab university students. Favorable attitudes toward tobacco use were associated with male sex, social influence, and the situational triggers. Interventions should target social normalization, strengthen regulations, and apply tools like VAPeS to understand youth vaping risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1636757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T05:31:34Z","timestamp":1754458294000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Vaping leads tobacco consumption among university students in Arab countries: a study of behavioral and psychosocial factors associated with smoking"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Malik","family":"Sallam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman Khamis","family":"Alnazly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adil","family":"Sajwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kholoud","family":"Al-Mahzoum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousef","family":"Alkhalaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha","family":"Aldaihani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Aldousari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alhajeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meshari","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shekha","family":"Alnajdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alkhozam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz Muneer","family":"Alsubaiei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naser","family":"Eisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sulaiman","family":"Altheyab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa H.","family":"Abdelaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noha O.","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Sallam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1159\/000369289","article-title":"History of Tobacco production and use","volume-title":"The Tobacco epidemic","author":"Hanafin","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.12.3.340","article-title":"Learning to smoke: tobacco use in the west","volume":"12","author":"Hooker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thorsurg.2013.01.009","article-title":"Tobacco smoking: the leading cause of preventable disease worldwide","volume":"23","author":"Samet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorac Surg Clin"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1351-4","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and risk of 36 cardiovascular disease subtypes: fatal and non-fatal outcomes in a large prospective Australian study","volume":"17","author":"Banks","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/189485","article-title":"The association of smoking on the increased risk of osteoporotic fracture: results from a cross-sectional study and two-sample Mendelian randomization","volume":"22","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122730","article-title":"Dysregulation of immunity by cigarette smoking promotes inflammation and cancer: a review","volume":"339","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-024-02961-5","article-title":"Tobacco and COPD: presenting the World Health Organization (WHO) Tobacco knowledge summary","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895147","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/895147","article-title":"Smoking and age-related macular degeneration: review and update","volume":"2013","author":"Velilla","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.14694\/EdBook_AM.2013.33.359","article-title":"Tobacco and lung cancer: risks, trends, and outcomes in patients with cancer","author":"Warren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/200072","article-title":"Global, regional, and national cardiovascular disease burden attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021: findings from the GBD 2021 study","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)01169-7","article-title":"Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"397","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00346-w","article-title":"Tobacco and nicotine use","volume":"8","author":"Le Foll","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Prim"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2021-056544","article-title":"Evolution of tobacco products: recent history and future directions","volume":"31","author":"O'Connor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"ref14","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.113179","article-title":"Carcinogenic components of tobacco and tobacco smoke: a 2022 update","volume":"165","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8020613","article-title":"Hazardous compounds in tobacco smoke","volume":"8","author":"Talhout","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3844","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2020.02.23","article-title":"Impact of tobacco control interventions on smoking initiation, cessation, and prevalence: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Bafunno","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.9204\/aogh.2362","article-title":"Tobacco use worldwide: legislative efforts to curb consumption","volume":"84","author":"Perez-Warnisher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Glob Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-024-02002-7","article-title":"A systematic review and network meta-analysis of population-level interventions to tackle smoking behaviour","volume":"8","author":"Akter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18332\/tpc\/176336","article-title":"Big tobacco's dirty tricks: seven key tactics of the tobacco industry","volume":"9","author":"Gannon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tob Prev Cessat"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daae126","article-title":"New image, same tactics: global tobacco and vaping industry strategies to promote youth vaping","volume":"39","author":"Watts","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"},{"key":"ref22","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref23","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4103\/HMJ.HMJ_63_20","article-title":"Knowledge, practices and reasons of hookah smoking in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Baroud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hamdan Med J"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czt055","article-title":"Tobacco in the Arab world: old and new epidemics amidst policy paralysis","volume":"29","author":"Maziak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.31557\/apjcp.2020.21.3.583","article-title":"The prevalence of smoking (cigarette and Waterpipe) among university students in some Arab countries: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Nasser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2019.1645177","article-title":"Waterpipe Tobacco smoking among university students in three eastern Mediterranean countries: patterns, place, and Price","volume":"54","author":"Salloum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7828","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19137828","article-title":"Knowledge and use of electronic cigarettes in young adults in the United Arab Emirates, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"19","author":"Abbasi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7652","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147652","article-title":"Patterns of Tobacco smoking and nicotine vaping among university students in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.18865\/ed.26.1.107","article-title":"Waterpipe tobacco smoking among Arab youth; a cross-country study","volume":"26","author":"Kheirallah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-022-01139-8","article-title":"Health literacy and smoking habits among a sample of Jordanian university students","volume":"48","author":"Rababah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntv111","article-title":"The social patterning of Tobacco use among women in Jordan: the protective effect of education on cigarette smoking and the deleterious effect of wealth on cigarette and Waterpipe smoking","volume":"18","author":"Jawad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1016\/s0954-6111(12)70011-2","article-title":"Smoking habits in the Middle East and North Africa: results of the BREATHE study","volume":"106","author":"Khattab","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2021.101363","article-title":"Smoking cessation or initiation: the paradox of vaping","volume":"22","author":"Al-Hamdani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h4863","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h4863","article-title":"Evidence about electronic cigarettes: a foundation built on rock or sand?","volume":"351","author":"McKee","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-024-02570-9","article-title":"Effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions among adults: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"13","author":"Hersi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd005231","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005231.pub3","article-title":"Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use","volume":"10","author":"Lindson-Hawley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx284","article-title":"E-cigarette marketing and communication: how E-cigarette companies market E-cigarettes and the public engages with E-cigarette information","volume":"21","author":"Collins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0303903","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303903","article-title":"Associations of e-cigarette advertising exposure with curiosity and susceptibility among U.S. adolescents: national youth tobacco surveys, 2014-2020","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-021-00416-4","article-title":"\u201cThat\u2019s the whole thing about vaping, it\u2019s custom tasty goodness\u201d: a meta-ethnography of young adults\u2019 perceptions and experiences of e-cigarette use","volume":"16","author":"Ranjit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa003","article-title":"Effects of social media on adolescents' willingness and intention to use E-cigarettes: an experimental investigation","volume":"23","author":"Vogel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.02.026","article-title":"Changes in E-cigarette use among U.S. adults, 2019-2021","volume":"65","author":"Bandi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.011","article-title":"The rise of e-cigarettes, pod mod devices, and JUUL among youth: factors influencing use, health implications, and downstream effects","volume":"201","author":"Fadus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41533-022-00277-9","article-title":"Global youth vaping and respiratory health: epidemiology, interventions, and policies","volume":"32","author":"Lyzwinski","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Prim Care Respir Med"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.100924","article-title":"Trends in vaping and smoking following the rise of disposable e-cigarettes: a repeat cross-sectional study in England between 2016 and 2023","volume":"42","author":"Tattan-Birch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-06012-7","article-title":"Association of electronic cigarette use and suicidal behaviors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Awad","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.121.056777","article-title":"E-cigarettes and cardiopulmonary health: review for clinicians","volume":"145","author":"Neczypor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.10.014","article-title":"Association between E-cigarette use and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by smoking status: behavioral risk factor surveillance system 2016 and 2017","volume":"58","author":"Osei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-05018-7","article-title":"The impact of electronic cigarette use on periodontitis and periodontal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Shabil","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020816","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.20816","article-title":"Association of Electronic Cigarette use with Incident Respiratory Conditions among US adults from 2013 to 2018","volume":"3","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntae273","article-title":"From smoking to vaping: the motivation for E-cigarette use at the neurobiological level-an fMRI study","volume":"27","author":"Grundinger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-022-00451-9","article-title":"Tobacco use, smoking identities and pathways into and out of smoking among young adults: a meta-ethnography","volume":"17","author":"Poole","year":"2022","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3831\/kpi.2020.23.001","article-title":"Nicotine addiction: neurobiology and mechanism","volume":"23","author":"Tiwari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pharmacopuncture"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0262090","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262090","article-title":"E-cigarettes use among university students in Jordan: perception and related knowledge","volume":"16","author":"Al-Sawalha","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348370","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1348370","article-title":"The prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of tobacco and nicotine use among students in healthcare disciplines in Saudi Arabian universities: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"12","author":"Aldhahir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11040502","article-title":"Knowledge and attitude toward e-cigarettes among first year university students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"11","author":"Alduraywish","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-024-00237-3","article-title":"Gender differences in e-cigarette knowledge, attitudes, and practice among adults in Bahrain: a cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"AlSayyad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discover Public Health"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s42506-024-00177-5","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and use of electronic cigarettes among Cairo University medical students","volume":"99","author":"Mostafa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Egypt Public Health Assoc"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e080881","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-080881","article-title":"Exploring the prevalence, knowledge, attitudes and influencing factors of e-cigarette use among university students in Palestine: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Nazzal","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2024.104653","article-title":"Electronic vape fluid activates the pulmonary endothelium and disrupts vascular integrity in vitro through an ARF6-dependent pathway","volume":"153","author":"Blackham-Hayward","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L155","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00110.2019","article-title":"Acute exposure to e-cigarettes causes inflammation and pulmonary endothelial oxidative stress in nonsmoking, healthy young subjects","volume":"317","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879726","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.879726","article-title":"Electronic cigarette use and the risk of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"9","author":"Espinoza-Derout","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/192934","article-title":"Evidence update on the cancer risk of vaping e-cigarettes: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Kundu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/186932","article-title":"The impact of chronic electronic cigarette use on endothelial dysfunction measured by flow-mediated vasodilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.16493","article-title":"Vaping-seeking clarity in a time of uncertainty","volume":"322","author":"Baldassarri","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427752","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1427752","article-title":"Direct health implications of e-cigarette use: a systematic scoping review with evidence assessment","volume":"12","author":"Izquierdo-Condoy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.15229","article-title":"E-cigarettes and their impact on health: from pharmacology to clinical implications","volume":"130","author":"Sobczak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pol Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.08.002","article-title":"Regulatory strategies for preventing and reducing nicotine vaping among youth: a systematic review","volume":"66","author":"Reiter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2024.102789","article-title":"Youth attention, perceptions, and appeal in response to e-cigarette advertising features: a focus group study","volume":"44","author":"Jeong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior","volume":"50","author":"Ajzen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organ Behav Hum Decis Process"},{"key":"ref71","volume-title":"The theory of planned behavior","author":"Van Lange","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2022.100334","article-title":"Prevalence, knowledge and factors associated with e-cigarette use among parents of secondary school children","volume":"4","author":"Doherty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health Pract"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-025-00612-3","article-title":"Theory of planned behavior factors influencing E-cigarette use among adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Motos-Sell\u00e9s","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12674-3","article-title":"Employing the theory of planned behaviour to design an e-cigarette education resource for use in secondary schools","volume":"22","author":"Simpson","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.61148\/2836-2810\/IJEPHR\/140","article-title":"Exploratory validation of a survey instrument based on the theory of planned behavior to assess vaping attitude and perceptions","volume":"6","author":"Barakat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol Public Health Res"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.3126\/nje.v6i4.17258","article-title":"Guide to the design and application of online questionnaire surveys","volume":"6","author":"Regmi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nepal J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X21000649","article-title":"Population research: convenience sampling strategies","volume":"36","author":"Stratton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118445112.stat05720","article-title":"Snowball sampling: introduction","volume-title":"Wiley stats ref: Statistics reference online","author":"Johnson","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref79","author":"Sergeant","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/jgf2.600","article-title":"Sample size determination: a practical guide for health researchers","volume":"24","author":"Althubaiti","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gen Fam Med"},{"key":"ref81","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-016-9602-2","article-title":"The use of Cronbach\u2019s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education","volume":"48","author":"Taber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Sci Educ"},{"key":"ref83","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1009213286","article-title":"Interval estimation for a binomial proportion","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stat Sci"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2011.12.006","article-title":"Multivariate modeling of complications with data driven variable selection: guarding against overfitting and effects of data set size","volume":"105","author":"van der Schaaf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.19087","article-title":"Multicollinearity and misleading statistical results","volume":"72","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx175","article-title":"Basic science and public policy: informed regulation for nicotine and Tobacco products","volume":"20","author":"Fowler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200310001625546","article-title":"Exploring the cultural context of tobacco use: a transdisciplinary framework","volume":"5","author":"Unger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2023.2229651","article-title":"Managing and minimizing online survey questionnaire fraud: lessons from the triple C project","volume":"27","author":"Nur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.102089","article-title":"E-cigarettes in the Middle East: the known, unknown, and what needs to be known next","volume":"31","author":"Al-Hamdani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20858-2","article-title":"A global prevalence of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use among students: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 4, 189, 145 subjects","volume":"24","author":"Albadrani","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0302946","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302946","article-title":"E-cigarette use among university students in Palestine: prevalence, knowledge, and determinant factors","volume":"19","author":"Ghanim","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/168435","article-title":"Public awareness, prevalence, and regulations for the sale of electronic cigarettes in Arab countries: a narrative review","volume":"21","author":"Jirjees","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12918","article-title":"Influence of risk perception on attitudes and norms regarding electronic cigarettes","volume":"38","author":"Trumbo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/196679","article-title":"A systematic review on risk factors and reasons for e-cigarette use in adolescents","volume":"23","author":"Villanueva-Blasco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109122","article-title":"Young people's e-cigarette risk perceptions, policy attitudes, and past-month nicotine vaping in 30 U.S. cities","volume":"229","author":"Vogel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179173x20903784","DOI":"10.1177\/1179173x20903784","article-title":"Associations between risk perceptions and cigarette, E-cigarette, and dual-product use among Canadian adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Manzione","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tob Use Insights"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/186536","article-title":"E-cigarette use, perceived risks, attitudes, opinions of e-cigarette policies, and associated factors among Thai university students","volume":"22","author":"Vichayanrat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-061121-040014","article-title":"Vaping and Lung Inflammation and Injury","volume":"84","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-024-02925-0","article-title":"Electronic cigarettes and cardiovascular disease: epidemiological and biological links","volume":"476","author":"Zong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Archiv Europ J Physiol"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484252","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1484252","article-title":"Sociodemographic characteristics and vaping motives as potential correlates of early vaping initiation","volume":"12","author":"Al-Naimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"795","article-title":"The correlation between masculinity and smoking behavior among adolescent in Surabaya","volume":"12","author":"Hadisuyatmana","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Global Pharma Technol"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589763","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2019.1589763","article-title":"A scoping review of men, masculinities, and smoking behavior: the importance of settings","volume":"11","author":"Kodriati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyl104","article-title":"If I don't smoke, I'm not a real man'--Indonesian teenage boys' views about smoking","volume":"22","author":"Ng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Educ Res"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2023.102225","article-title":"Smoking, swearing and strong muscles: becoming boys in the primary school","volume":"121","author":"Govender","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Educ Res"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2013.51","article-title":"Adolescent peer choice and cigarette smoking: evidence of active gene-environment correlation?","volume":"16","author":"Wills","year":"2013","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116491","article-title":"The stigma of smoking among women: a systematic review","volume":"340","author":"David","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2024.108040","article-title":"Sex differences in appeal, reward, and sensory experience of E-cigarette flavors among adults who smoke cigarettes","volume":"185","author":"Davis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-019-00244-4","article-title":"A review of the use and appeal of flavored electronic cigarettes","volume":"6","author":"Goldenson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000548","article-title":"Sex differences in the appeal of flavored e-cigarettes among young adult e-cigarette users","volume":"34","author":"Pang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4274\/ThoracResPract.2024.24072","article-title":"The relationship between gender and women's Tobacco use: an ecological analysis with country-level data","volume":"26","author":"Erik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thorac Res Pract"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14101095","article-title":"Involuntary smoking in adolescents, their awareness of its harmfulness, and attitudes towards smoking in the presence of non-smokers","volume":"14","author":"Kaleta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107635","article-title":"Social norms towards smoking and vaping and associations with product use among youth in England, Canada, and the US","volume":"205","author":"East","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.5993\/ajhb.43.1.7","article-title":"Beliefs about E-cigarettes: a focus group study with college students","volume":"43","author":"Katz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Health Behav"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-01027-5","article-title":"The underbelly of E-cigarette advertising: regulating online markets on social media platforms","volume":"21","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2023.107828","article-title":"Viral vaping: a systematic review and meta analysis of e-cigarette and Tobacco-related social media content and its influence on youth behaviours and attitudes","volume":"147","author":"Rutherford","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20201482","article-title":"The economics of Tobacco regulation: a comprehensive review","volume":"60","author":"DeCicca","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Econ Lit"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/129266","article-title":"Gender differences in waterpipe tobacco smoking among university students in four eastern Mediterranean countries","volume":"18","author":"Hamadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620748","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.620748","article-title":"Young Canadian e-cigarette users and the COVID-19 pandemic: examining vaping behaviors by pandemic onset and gender","volume":"8","author":"Hopkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntv101","article-title":"Waterpipe Tobacco smoking prevalence and correlates in 25 eastern Mediterranean and eastern European countries: cross-sectional analysis of the global youth Tobacco survey","volume":"18","author":"Jawad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e009881","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009881","article-title":"Cigarette smoking in a middle eastern country and its association with hospitalisation use: a nationwide cross-sectional study","volume":"6","author":"Sibai","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.102055","article-title":"Frequency of social media use and exposure to tobacco or nicotine-related content in association with E-cigarette use among youth: a cross-sectional and longitudinal survey analysis","volume":"30","author":"Vassey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2023.2223287","article-title":"Should tobacco-related marketing on social media have stronger restrictions? Commentary","volume":"58","author":"Vassey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tc-2024-059021","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2024-059021","article-title":"Impact of Instagram and TikTok influencer marketing on perceptions of e-cigarettes and perceptions of influencers in young adults: a randomised survey-based experiment","author":"Vassey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13542","article-title":"Navigating social interactions and constructing vaping social identities: a qualitative exploration with New Zealand young adults who smoke","volume":"42","author":"Blank","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150368","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1150368","article-title":"An examination of the social perceptions and vaping preferences of young electronic nicotine delivery system users","volume":"11","author":"Davidson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107365","article-title":"Nicotine vaping for relaxation and coping: race\/ethnicity differences and social connectedness mechanisms","volume":"132","author":"Donaldson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref128","first-page":"95","article-title":"Assessing the social influences, self-esteem, and stress of high school students who vape","volume":"94","author":"Jha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2024.2422949","article-title":"Association of Vaping Reasons with stress, anxiety, and depression among young adults who currently vape","volume":"60","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0212353","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212353","article-title":"Perceived ease of flavored e-cigarette use and e-cigarette use progression among youth never tobacco users","volume":"14","author":"Chen-Sankey","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2018.05.014","article-title":"School socioeconomic disparities in e-cigarette susceptibility and use among Central Texas middle school students","volume":"11","author":"Springer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2011-050139","article-title":"Patterns of cognitive dissonance-reducing beliefs among smokers: a longitudinal analysis from the international Tobacco control (ITC) four country survey","volume":"22","author":"Fotuhi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.08.004","article-title":"Perceptions and experiences of vaping among youth and young adult E-cigarette users: considering age, gender, and Tobacco use","volume":"68","author":"Al-Hamdani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2024.2374975","article-title":"Vaping frequency in young users: the role of gender and age among regular users","volume":"59","author":"McArthur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2022-057348","article-title":"Tobacco promotion restriction policies on social media","volume":"33","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2023-058301","article-title":"Tobacco, nicotine and counter-marketing promotions using Instagram's branded content tool","volume":"34","author":"Laestadius","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntad224","article-title":"Scalable surveillance of E-cigarette products on Instagram and TikTok using computer vision","volume":"26","author":"Vassey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2023.107888","article-title":"Effects of a nicotine warning label and vaping cessation resources on young adults' perceptions of pro-vaping instagram influencer posts","volume":"149","author":"Vogel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2022-057657","article-title":"Themes in e-liquid concept names as a marketing tactic: evidence from premarket Tobacco product applications in the USA","volume":"33","author":"Laestadius","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2021-056828","article-title":"E-cigarette use and promotion by social media influencers during videogame play on twitch","volume":"32","author":"Vassey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2024.102605","article-title":"University students' and staff attitudes toward the implementation of a \"tobacco-free\" policy: a view from Qatar","volume":"38","author":"Al-Jayyousi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1057\/s41271-021-00327-5","article-title":"Harm reduction in tobacco control: where do we draw the line?","volume":"43","author":"Al-Hamdani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Public Health Policy"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42657","article-title":"Differences in vaping frequency and negative health effects experienced from vaping in a sample of vapers from three middle eastern countries","volume":"11","author":"Abouzoor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1636757\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T05:31:37Z","timestamp":1754458297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1636757\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"references-count":143,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1636757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1636757","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"article-number":"1636757"}}