{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T18:31:27Z","timestamp":1754159487079,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To comprehensively examine the regional, national, and global burden and trends of forearm fractures from 1990 to 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence and years lived with disability (YLDs), with uncertainty interval (UI), for forearm fractures from 1990 to 2021 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2021. The temporal, geographical, and demographic burden of forearm fractures was assessed, as well as the leading causes. Finally, a decomposition analysis was performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 1990, the incidence number of forearm fractures globally was 26,098,810 (95% UI: 20,967,988\u201332,372,267), which increased to 31,905,396 (95% UI: 25,403,829\u201339,982,115) in 2021. The age-standardized incidence rate was 483.28 (95% UI: 387.42\u2013599.37) in 1990 and decreased to 402.35 (95% UI: 319.86\u2013505.21) in 2021. In 1990, the global number of YLDs due to forearm fractures was 144,166 (95% UI: 87,129\u2013229,017), which increased to 205,031 (95% UI: 126,061\u2013320,235) in 2021. The age-standardized YLDs rate was 2.98 (95% UI: 1.82\u20134.7) in 1990, which decreased to 2.51 (95% UI: 1.54\u20133.93) in 2021. Females showed a higher burden than males, and the incidence rate of forearm fractures exhibited a bimodal distribution, peaking in youth and older adulthood. Recently, the disease burden presented a challenge due to the aging population. Falls were the most prominent cause of forearm fractures, followed by road injuries and exposure to mechanical forces.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forearm fractures have increased in incidence and YLDs number since 1990, particularly among females. The incidence rate follows a bimodal distribution, with peaks in youth and older adulthood. The age-related burden has progressively shifted toward older populations, reflecting trends in global aging. Falls remain the leading cause of forearm fractures, with the highest burden observed among older adult females.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1638277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T11:47:21Z","timestamp":1753444041000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global, regional, and national burden of forearm fracture from 1990 to 2021: a study based on GBD 2021"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ShuTao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ZhenDong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"HaiChao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"YunFeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e580","DOI":"10.1016\/s2666-7568(21)00172-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of bone fractures in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"2","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"345","article-title":"Common fractures of the radius and ulna","volume":"103","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203s","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00503-x","article-title":"Forearm fracture","volume":"18","author":"Eastell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04535-8","article-title":"Direct costs of common osteoporotic fractures (hip, vertebral and forearm) in Iran","volume":"22","author":"Rajabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-021-06152-6","article-title":"Epidemiology and economic burden of fragility fractures in Austria","volume":"33","author":"Muschitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-023-06990-6","article-title":"Epidemiology of forearm fractures in women and men in Norway 2008-2019","volume":"35","author":"Andreasen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2831-1","article-title":"Epidemiology of forearm fractures in adults in Denmark: national age-and gender-specific incidence rates, ratio of forearm to hip fractures, and extent of surgical fracture repair in inpatients and outpatients","volume":"26","author":"Abrahamsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e807","DOI":"10.1016\/s2214-109x(17)30222-x","article-title":"National incidence of traumatic fractures in China: a retrospective survey of 512\u2008187 individuals","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04849-7","article-title":"Fracture profiles of a 4-year cohort of 266, 324 first incident upper extremity fractures from population health data in Ontario","volume":"22","author":"Macdermid","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-07162-7","article-title":"Trends and projection of forearm fractures including elbow fractures of the olecranon in Sweden: an analysis of 363 968 fractures using public aggregated data","volume":"25","author":"Axenhus","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)00367-2","article-title":"Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)00757-8","article-title":"Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)00933-4","article-title":"Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1008953201688","article-title":"Partitioning linear trends in age-adjusted rates","volume":"11","author":"Hankey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"171","article-title":"Standardization and decomposition of rates from cross-classified data","volume":"50","author":"Das","year":"1994","journal-title":"Genus"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afu057","article-title":"Effect of cold indoor environment on physical performance of older women living in the community","volume":"43","author":"Lindemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2021.115916","article-title":"Seasonality of adult fragility fractures and association with weather: 12-year experience of a UK fracture liaison service","volume":"147","author":"Ogliari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4628","article-title":"The Association of Cold Ambient Temperature with Fracture Risk and Mortality: National Data from Norway-a Norwegian Epidemiologic Osteoporosis Studies (NOREPOS) study","volume":"37","author":"Dahl","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000595","article-title":"Epidemiology of pediatric fractures presenting to emergency departments in the United States","volume":"36","author":"Naranje","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1097\/ogx.0000000000001181","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis: a comprehensive review of guidelines","volume":"78","author":"Rentzeperi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2875-2","article-title":"Subsequent fracture rates in a nationwide population-based cohort study with a 10-year perspective","volume":"26","author":"Hansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0651-x","article-title":"Initiation of anti-osteoporotic therapy in patients with recent fractures: a nationwide analysis of prescription rates and persistence","volume":"20","author":"Roerholt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-015-0235-2","article-title":"Use of anti-osteoporotic drugs in Central Norway after a forearm fracture","volume":"10","author":"Hoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2014.07.007","article-title":"Management of osteoporosis in women after forearm fracture: data from a French health insurance database","volume":"82","author":"Erny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1745-8","article-title":"Reducing the risk for distal forearm fracture: preserve bone mass, slow down, and don't fall!","volume":"16","author":"Kelsey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013724","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013724","article-title":"Fall-related attendance and associated hospitalisation of children and adolescents in Hong Kong: a 12-year retrospective study","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2010.026799","article-title":"Epidemiology of fall related forearm and wrist fractures among adults treated in US hospital emergency departments","volume":"17","author":"Orces","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i3","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2019-043286","article-title":"The global burden of falls: global, regional and national estimates of morbidity and mortality from the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"26","author":"James","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6537a2","article-title":"Falls and fall injuries among adults aged \u226565 years-United States, 2014","volume":"65","author":"Bergen","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001492","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2024-001492","article-title":"Geriatric falls: an enormous economic burden compared to firearms","volume":"9","author":"Zangbar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trauma Surg Acute Care Open"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.1416","article-title":"Risk assessment and prevention of falls in older community-dwelling adults: a review","volume":"331","author":"Col\u00f3n-Emeric","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1903252","article-title":"Prevention of falls in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"382","author":"Ganz","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.3097","article-title":"Interventions to prevent falls in community-dwelling older adults: US preventive services task force recommendation statement","volume":"319","author":"Grossman","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.03234.x","article-title":"Panel on prevention of falls in older persons, american geriatrics society and british geriatrics society","volume":"59","author":"Tinetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1638277\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T11:47:22Z","timestamp":1753444042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1638277\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1638277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1638277","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"article-number":"1638277"}}