{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T06:30:43Z","timestamp":1758349843741,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rapid rise of non-standard types of employment\u2014particularly self-employment\u2014has significantly reshaped labor market structures and public policy systems. Compared to employees, self-employed individuals often lack long-term formal labor contracts and experience substantial income volatility, making them especially vulnerable. These vulnerabilities are further exacerbated during public health crises, adding complexity and uncertainty to policy implementation. This study examines the policy compliance of self-employed workers under strict public health measures, with the aim of exploring the relationship between employment type and policy compliance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study draws on 2,325 valid responses from the 2021 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS2021). An Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model is employed to compare levels of policy compliance between self-employed individuals and employees under strict public health measures. The analysis further examines how structural differences associated with employment type influence compliance behavior.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self-employed individuals demonstrate significantly higher levels of policy compliance than employees during public health crises, with results statistically significant at the 1% level. Heterogeneity analysis further indicates that low-income self-employed individuals exhibit even greater compliance, also significant at the 1% level. In addition, self-employed workers in digitally advanced regions show higher compliance compared to their counterparts in less developed areas, with this difference likewise significant at the 1% level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Employment type is closely associated with policy compliance during public health crises. Challenging the common view that self-employed individuals are less compliant due to weak institutional constraints, this study finds they are more willing to comply. Motivation theory helps explain this pattern: normative pressures and external cues may heighten their sense of responsibility, driving normative compliance. While income instability, limited social protection, and regulatory uncertainty amplify risk awareness, driving calculative compliance. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that low-income self-employed individuals, driven by heightened risk perception and limited resilience, are more likely to comply with policies. Those in digitally advanced regions also exhibit higher compliance, possibly due to more efficient access to information, stronger industry governance, and more effective government oversight. This study contributes to a theoretical understanding of how employment type influences policy behavior, highlighting the distinct constraints and motivational foundations for policy implementation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1647494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T05:30:30Z","timestamp":1758259830000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Employment type and policy compliance with strict measures during public health crises: evidence from self-employed workers in China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tongzhou","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruyi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongxin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangyin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaozhu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"year":"","key":"ref1"},{"year":"","key":"ref2"},{"year":"","key":"ref3"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1177\/0094306113499536","article-title":"Globalization and precarious work","volume":"42","author":"Kalleberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contemp Sociol"},{"year":"","key":"ref5"},{"year":"","key":"ref6"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4337\/9781800881860.00006","article-title":"Introduction to research handbook on self-employment and public policy: shifting patterns and policy issues","volume-title":"Research handbook on self-employment and public policy","author":"Conen","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4337\/9781800881860.00009","article-title":"Multiple jobholding among the self-employed\u2014trends and implications of hybrid entrepreneurship for public policy","volume-title":"Research handbook on self-employment and public policy","author":"Alyavi","year":"2024"},{"year":"2021","key":"ref9"},{"year":"2020","author":"Fukuyama","key":"ref10"},{"year":"","author":"Saey","key":"ref11"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S66","DOI":"10.3138\/cpp.2020-076","article-title":"Short-term effect of COVID-19 on self-employed workers in Canada","volume":"46","author":"Beland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can Public Policy"},{"year":"2023","key":"ref13"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2024.11.006","article-title":"Effectiveness of social distancing under partial compliance of individuals","volume":"322","author":"Shin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-575","article-title":"Monitoring the level of government trust, risk perception and intention of the general public to adopt protective measures during the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in the Netherlands","volume":"11","author":"Van der Weerd","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e028344","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-028344","article-title":"Characteristics of selfmanagement among patients with complex health needs: a thematic analysis review","volume":"9","author":"Gobeil-Lavoie","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113370","article-title":"Non-compliance with COVID-19-related public health measures among young adults in Switzerland: insights from a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"268","author":"Nivette","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1177\/09500170221128698","article-title":"How does precarious employment affect mental health? 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