{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:38:48Z","timestamp":1793813928285,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic posed an unprecedented challenge to public health systems globally, with African countries exhibiting a wide range of outcomes in terms of preparedness, response, and resilience. This review explores the public health strategies deployed across the African continent during the pandemic, highlighting key successes, identifying critical failures, and synthesizing lessons to inform future health emergency preparedness. Drawing on existing literature, policy documents, and epidemiological data, the study examines the roles of leadership, community engagement, health communication, diagnostic capacity, and vaccine deployment. While several African countries successfully leveraged past epidemic experience, decentralized health systems, and innovative communication strategies, others struggled with misinformation, weak surveillance, and limited critical care infrastructure. The review also discusses the role of international collaboration, local innovation, and donor dependence in shaping response outcomes. Lessons from Africa\u2019s handling of COVID-19 underline the importance of strengthening public health infrastructure, investing in health workforce development, improving health information systems, and ensuring equitable access to vaccines and therapeutics. This paper contributes to the growing discourse on pandemic preparedness and highlights Africa\u2019s potential not only as a site of vulnerability but also of resilience and innovation in global public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1648970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T05:27:02Z","timestamp":1760333222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Post-pandemic era: global trends, benefits, and barriers in integrating artificial intelligence into public health education"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Adewunmi","family":"Akingbola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abiodun","family":"Adegbesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Tundealao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akpevwe Emmanuella","family":"Benson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulfatai Olumide","family":"Makinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayowa","family":"Shekoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Animashaun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tosin","family":"Fakiyesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5578284","article-title":"COVID-19 impact on public health, environment, human psychology, global Socioeconomy, and education","volume":"2022","author":"Miyah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2021.100713","article-title":"The impacts of COVID-19 on environmental sustainability: A brief study in world context","volume":"15","author":"Abubakar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biores Technol Rep"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25678","article-title":"Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: the mystery and the miracle","volume":"92","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117765","article-title":"The current understanding and potential therapeutic options to combat COVID-19","volume":"254","author":"Pooladanda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.02.034","article-title":"World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)","volume":"76","author":"Sohrabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1009393","article-title":"COVID-19 outbreak: impact on global economy","volume":"10","author":"Naseer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12081295","article-title":"Global challenges to public health care systems during the COVID-19 pandemic: A review of pandemic measures and problems","volume":"12","author":"Filip","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Personal Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1920_20","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on health system & sustainable development goal 3","volume":"151","author":"Khetrapal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/cpt.0000000000000272","article-title":"Impact of post-COVID-19 condition on health status and functional capacity: A cross-sectional study","volume":"36","author":"Pereira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiopul Phys Ther J"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2021.03.010","article-title":"Post-COVID syndrome: incidence, clinical spectrum, and challenges for primary healthcare professionals","volume":"52","author":"Pavli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105493","article-title":"Refinement of post-COVID condition core symptoms, subtypes, determinants, and health impacts: a cohort study integrating real-world data and patient-reported outcomes","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e074425","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-074425","article-title":"Recovery and symptom trajectories up to two years after SARS-CoV-2 infection: population based, longitudinal cohort study","volume":"381","author":"Ballouz","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e231933","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2023.1933","article-title":"Understanding how post\u2013COVID-19 condition affects adults and health care systems","volume":"4","author":"Katz","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00896-0","article-title":"Author correction: long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations","volume":"21","author":"Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2023.2263102","article-title":"Applying artificial intelligence in healthcare: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"63","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Prod Res"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2022.102510","article-title":"Healthcare system: moving forward with artificial intelligence","volume":"120","author":"Dicuonzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.120536","article-title":"A readiness assessment framework for Blockchain adoption: a healthcare case study","volume":"165","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technol Forec Soc Change"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7527","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2022.2029611","article-title":"The role of artificial intelligence in supply chain management: mapping the territory","volume":"60","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Prod Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jik.2023.100333","article-title":"A systematic literature review of artificial intelligence in the healthcare sector: benefits, challenges, methodologies, and functionalities","volume":"8","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Innov Knowl"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.704256","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for COVID-19: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65750","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3075571","article-title":"Exploring the use of artificial intelligence techniques to detect the presence of coronavirus Covid-19 through speech and voice analysis","volume":"9","author":"Verde","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s00354-021-00128-0","article-title":"Leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities for COVID-19 containment","volume":"39","author":"Surianarayanan","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Gener Comput"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8367","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2021.1936261","article-title":"Robust modelling and prediction of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada","volume":"61","author":"Khalilpourazari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Prod Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e950411","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.950411","article-title":"Editorial: the 2025 world health assembly pandemic agreement and the 2024 amendments to the international health regulations combine for pandemic preparedness and response","volume":"31","author":"Parums","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1389026","article-title":"Artificial intelligence empowering public health education: prospects and challenges","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1041123","article-title":"The necessity revealed by COVID-19 pandemic: paradigm shift of Iran\u2019s healthcare system","volume":"11","author":"Mohammadpour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2024.307960","article-title":"Enumeration 2024: what we know and what we wish we knew about the governmental public health workforce in a COVID-19 recovery landscape","volume":"115","author":"Leider","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2025.1518909","article-title":"Integrating artificial intelligence into public health education and healthcare: insights from the COVID-19 and monkeypox crises for future pandemic readiness","volume":"10","author":"Abdelouahed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Educ"},{"key":"ref30","author":"Niousha","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54793","DOI":"10.2196\/54793","article-title":"Curriculum frameworks and educational programs in AI for medical students, residents, and practicing physicians: scoping review","volume":"10","author":"Tolentino","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2024.2314198","article-title":"A scoping review of artificial intelligence in medical education: BEME guide no. 84","volume":"46","author":"Gordon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-06552-2","article-title":"Navigating the integration of artificial intelligence in the medical education curriculum: a mixed-methods study exploring the perspectives of medical students and faculty in Pakistan","volume":"25","author":"Naseer","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"ref34","author":"Panteli","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51247","DOI":"10.2196\/51247","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in medicine: cross-sectional study among medical students on application, education, and ethical aspects","volume":"10","author":"Weidener","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3390\/soc13050118","article-title":"Implementing artificial intelligence in higher education: pros and cons from the perspectives of academics","volume":"13","author":"Pisica","year":"2023","journal-title":"Societies"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.47974\/CJSIM-2023-0022","article-title":"Artificial intelligence research in sub- Saharan Africa: bibliometric review and a case analysis of Mauritius contributions","volume":"18","author":"Moosun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colln J Scientom Inform Manag"},{"key":"ref38","author":"Sey","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teler.2023.100097","article-title":"Application of deep learning and machine learning models to improve healthcare in sub-Saharan Africa: emerging opportunities, trends and implications","volume":"11","author":"Mbunge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Telemat Inform Rep"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.51594\/imsrj.v3i3.643","article-title":"Integrating AI into health informatics for enhanced public health in Africa: a comprehensive review","volume":"3","author":"Obe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Med Sci Res J"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2020.00006","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for healthcare in Africa","volume":"2","author":"Owoyemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Digit Health"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.29333\/ejhbe\/14344","article-title":"Artificial intelligence program implementation in STEM education: cases of Ethiopia STEM center","volume":"11","author":"Shumiye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Europ J Health Biol Educ"},{"key":"ref43","author":"Smith","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e523","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00056-2","article-title":"The future of public health doctoral education in Africa: transforming higher education institutions to enhance research and practice","volume":"9","author":"Bukenya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55321","DOI":"10.2196\/55321","article-title":"Perspectives on artificial intelligence in nursing in Asia","volume":"8","author":"Lukkahatai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian\/Pacific Island Nurs J"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-06076-9","article-title":"Shaping the future: perspectives on the integration of artificial intelligence in health profession education: a multi-country survey","volume":"24","author":"Issa","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-023-00286-2","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities of AI in inclusive education: a case study of data-enhanced active reading in Japan","volume":"10","author":"Toyokawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Smart Learn Environ"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1087174","article-title":"Application of artificial intelligence to the public health education","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E248","DOI":"10.1097\/NNE.0000000000001815","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence Bootcamp","volume":"50","author":"Grobbel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nurse Educ"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of continuous professional development on the job performance of public university administrators: evidence from an emerging economy","volume-title":"Acad Account Financ Stud J","author":"Susuawu","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3126\/japfcsc.v6i01.57573","article-title":"Understanding the triple helix model and capitalization of knowledge","volume":"6","author":"Kunwar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J APF Comm Staff College"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1505869","article-title":"Bridging the gap: enhancing data science and leadership knowledge and skills in the context of the public health workforce","volume":"13","author":"Hamer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000279","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000279","article-title":"Digital literacy as a new determinant of health: a scoping review","volume":"2","author":"Arias","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Digit Health"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52798","DOI":"10.2196\/52798","article-title":"Digital competencies and training approaches to enhance the capacity of practitioners to support the digital transformation of public health: rapid review of current recommendations","volume":"10","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"ref55","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref56","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref57","author":"Arana","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref58","author":"Zandi","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref59","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref60","year":""},{"key":"ref61","author":"Milliken","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-21089-1","article-title":"Considerations for adapting digital competencies and training approaches to the public health workforce: an interpretive description of practitioners perspectives in Canada","volume":"25","author":"Iyamu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref63","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref64","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608237","DOI":"10.3389\/phrs.2025.1608237","article-title":"Reflecting digital transformations in public health curricula","volume":"46","author":"Hrzic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public Health Rev"},{"key":"ref66","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/edu-2022-0226","article-title":"The effects of online continuing education for healthcare professionals: a systematic scoping review","volume":"6","author":"Chaker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Educ Stud"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000001600","article-title":"Evaluation of a virtual training to enhance public health capacity for COVID-19 infection prevention and control in nursing homes","volume":"28","author":"Penna","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Public Health Manag Pract"},{"key":"ref69","year":""},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-06174-8","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities of micro-credentials as a new form of certification in health science education\u2014a discussion paper","volume":"24","author":"Zdunek","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"ref71","year":""},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58161","DOI":"10.2196\/58161","article-title":"AI in the health sector: systematic review of key skills for future health professionals","volume":"11","author":"Gazquez-Garcia","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.17762\/jaz.v44iS4.2177","article-title":"Predicting infectious disease outbreaks with machine learning and epidemiological data","volume":"44","author":"Syed Ziaur","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Adv Zool"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-024-00895-7","article-title":"Machine learning for data-centric epidemic forecasting","volume":"6","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/0952813X.2022.2058618","article-title":"Epidemic prediction using machine learning and deep learning models on COVID-19 data","volume":"35","author":"M","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Theor Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2119215","article-title":"Advances in artificial intelligence for infectious-disease surveillance","volume":"388","author":"Brownstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00602-z","article-title":"Algorithmic fairness in pandemic forecasting: lessons from COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Dig Med"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1108\/ACI-09-2020-0059","article-title":"Forecasting of COVID-19 epidemic size in four high hitting nations (USA, Brazil, India and Russia) by fb-prophet machine learning model","volume":"21","author":"Battineni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Comput Inform"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1800736","article-title":"Precision in prevention and health surveillance: how artificial intelligence may improve the time of identification of health concerns through social media content analysis","volume":"33","author":"Staccini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Yearb Med Inform"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13843","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192113843","article-title":"A systematic approach in developing management workforce readiness for digital health transformation in healthcare","volume":"19","author":"Brommeyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2024.05.014","article-title":"Using artificial intelligence and predictive modelling to enable learning healthcare systems (LHS) for pandemic preparedness","volume":"24","author":"Ankolekar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idm.2024.02.008","article-title":"Redefining pandemic preparedness: multidisciplinary insights from the CERP modelling workshop in infectious diseases, workshop report","volume":"9","author":"Nunes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infec Dis Mod"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocz130","article-title":"Predictive analytics in health care: how can we know it works?","volume":"26","author":"Van Calster","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12884","article-title":"Precision medicine, AI, and the future of personalized health care","volume":"14","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-051920-093141","article-title":"Innovations in public health surveillance for emerging infections","volume":"44","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"ref86","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Future of Public Health: Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Disease Surveillance and Prevention","volume":"1","author":"Saadatzadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Foresight Public Health"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"4605","article-title":"AI for pandemic preparedness and infectious disease surveillance: predicting outbreaks, modeling transmission, and optimizing public health interventions","volume-title":"Int J Res Public Rev","author":"Ali","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00459-8","article-title":"Leveraging artificial intelligence for pandemic preparedness and response: a scoping review to identify key use cases","volume":"4","author":"Syrowatka","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3890","DOI":"10.3390\/app12083890","article-title":"Ethical issues in AI-enabled disease surveillance: perspectives from global health","volume":"12","author":"Borda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-051920-110928","article-title":"Risks and opportunities to ensure equity in the application of big data research in public health","volume":"43","author":"Wesson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax2342","article-title":"Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations","volume":"366","author":"Obermeyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1196397","article-title":"Using artificial intelligence to improve public health: a narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Olawade","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2021.100136","article-title":"Emerging technologies and COVID-19 digital vaccination certificates and passports","volume":"2","author":"Mbunge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Pract"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00913-9","article-title":"Considerations for addressing bias in artificial intelligence for health equity","volume":"6","author":"Abr\u00e0moff","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Dig Med"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000798","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000798","article-title":"Artificial intelligence (AI) and global health: how can AI contribute to health in resource-poor settings?","volume":"3","author":"Wahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"ref96","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence in Africa: Emerging challenges","author":"Ade-Ibijola","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1080\/27707571.2022.2095722","article-title":"Promoting access to COVID-19 information by underserved communities through the development of a mHealth app","volume":"9","author":"Maphosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogent Public Health"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4103\/jrms.JRMS_1255_20","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities of digital health in a post-COVID19 world","volume":"26","author":"Manteghinejad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.60079\/ahr.v1i2.181","article-title":"The role of multidisciplinary approaches in public health research: a literature review","volume":"1","author":"Yahya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Res"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-021-00553-4","article-title":"The use of big data analytics in healthcare","volume":"9","author":"Batko","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Big Data"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.14445\/22312803\/IJCTT-V72I5P103","article-title":"The importance of data-driven decision-making in public health","volume":"72","author":"Patel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Comput Trends Technol"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19681","article-title":"Big data-driven public health policy making: potential for the healthcare industry","volume":"9","author":"Chao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-021-02730-z","article-title":"The role of data science in healthcare advancements: applications, benefits, and future prospects","volume":"191","author":"Subrahmanya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.30574\/wjarr.2024.21.2.0591","article-title":"Data-driven approaches to bridging the gap in health communication disparities: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Chioma Anthonia","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Adv Res Rev"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40156","DOI":"10.2196\/40156","article-title":"Lessons learned from interdisciplinary efforts to combat COVID-19 misinformation: development of agile integrative methods from behavioral science, data science, and implementation science","volume":"3","author":"Myneni","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Infodemiol"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.53730\/ijhs.v8nS1.15327","article-title":"The role of artificial intelligence in predicting disease outbreaks: A multidisciplinary approach","volume":"8","author":"Alfardan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci"},{"key":"ref107","volume-title":"Integrated science 2050: Multidisciplinarity and Interdisciplinarity in health","author":"Rezaei","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-021-00765-8","article-title":"Data science and analytics: an overview from data-driven smart computing, decision-making and applications perspective","volume":"2","author":"Sarker","year":"2021","journal-title":"SN Comput Sci"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10630-1","article-title":"The impacts of collaboration between local health care and non-health care organizations and factors shaping how they work: a systematic review of reviews","volume":"21","author":"Alderwick","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2022.101121","article-title":"Upcoming and urgent challenges in critical care research based on COVID-19 pandemic experience","volume":"41","author":"Verdonk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/JHM-D-23-00210","article-title":"Leadership to accelerate healthcares digital transformation: evidence from 33 health systems","volume":"69","author":"Lemak","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Healthc Manag"},{"key":"ref112","first-page":"537","article-title":"Addressing workforce knowledge gaps in digital health","volume-title":"Nursing informatics for the digital age","author":"Hovenga","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.12856\/JHIA-2020-v7-i1-265","article-title":"Towards a digital health curriculum for health workforce for the African region: a scoping review","volume":"7","author":"Alunyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Health Inform Africa"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedinformatics4020075","article-title":"The crucial role of interdisciplinary conferences in advancing explainable AI in healthcare","volume":"4","author":"Patel","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioMedInformatics"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00412-9","article-title":"Applications of digital health for public health responses to COVID-19: a systematic scoping review of artificial intelligence, telehealth and related technologies","volume":"4","author":"Gunasekeran","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Digital Med"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3499","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063499","article-title":"Data science in healthcare: COVID-19 and beyond","volume":"19","author":"Hulsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref117","volume-title":"Building resilient health systems: Strategies for emergency preparedness in rural and underserved populations","author":"Jackson","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2022.0009","article-title":"Organizational readiness for patient-facing Mobile Teledermatology to Care for Established Veteran Patients in the United States","volume":"29","author":"Peracca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Telemed e-Health"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci15060194","article-title":"Leadership 4.0: navigating the challenges of the digital transformation in healthcare and beyond","volume":"15","author":"Tsekouropoulos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adm Sci"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3923\/tmr.2024.220.235","article-title":"Impact and challenges of artificial intelligence integration in the African health sector: a review","volume":"19","author":"Oladipo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Med Res"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2021.104467","article-title":"Telemedicine use in sub-Saharan Africa: barriers and policy recommendations for Covid-19 and beyond","volume":"151","author":"Dodoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1487245","article-title":"Experiences on the utility and barriers of telemedicine in healthcare delivery in Kenya","volume":"2023","author":"Onsongo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Telemed Appl"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/sajim.v20i1.928","article-title":"Factors influencing e-health implementation by medical doctors in public hospitals in Zimbabwe","volume":"20","author":"Furusa","year":"2018","journal-title":"SA J Inf Manag"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.10.010","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in drug discovery and development","volume":"26","author":"Mak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-019-0947-0","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and use of mHealth technology among students in Ghana: A university-based survey","volume":"19","author":"Peprah","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"ref126","article-title":"United nations educational, scientific and cultural organization guidance for generative AI in education and research","author":"Miao","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13930","DOI":"10.2196\/13930","article-title":"Applications and challenges of implementing artificial intelligence in medical education: integrative review","volume":"5","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-024-00313-w","article-title":"Large language models and medical education: a paradigm shift in educator roles","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Learn Environ"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4541","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054541","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and public health: an exploratory study","volume":"20","author":"Jungwirth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref130","article-title":"The intersection of artificial intelligence in public health education for sustainable development","volume":"4","author":"Ekpu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asia-Africa J Educ Res"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.115049","article-title":"Medical education technology in resource-limited settings","author":"Francis Pebolo","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e428","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(25)00036-2","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in public health: promises, challenges, and an agenda for policy makers and public health institutions","volume":"10","author":"Panteli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-821259-2.00022-3","article-title":"Artificial intelligence\u2013enabled public health surveillance\u2014From local detection to global epidemic monitoring and control","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","author":"Zeng","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2023.114","article-title":"Dengue hemorrhagic fever: a growing global menace","volume":"21","author":"Parveen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci11010003","article-title":"An overview of malaria transmission mechanisms, control, and modeling","volume":"11","author":"Savi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Sci"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-019-0420-6","article-title":"The opioid crisis in the USA","volume":"226","author":"Hancocks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"ref137","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1418382","article-title":"Current data science capacity building initiatives for health researchers in LMICs: global & regional efforts","volume":"12","author":"Kiosia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1648970\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T05:27:06Z","timestamp":1760333226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1648970\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"references-count":138,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1648970"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1648970","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"article-number":"1648970"}}