{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T17:05:59Z","timestamp":1784221559760,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Uveitis, an inflammatory eye disease, exhibits seasonal patterns, which suggest environmental influences. This study examines the link between average temperature and uveitis outpatient visits, considering air pollution\u2019s modifying effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed uveitis outpatient data (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f8,090) from a major hospital in Shanghai between 2017 and 2023, along with meteorological and air pollutant data. A distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to assess the associations between temperature and outpatient visits, adjusting for humidity, pollutants, and temporal factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A non-linear relationship exists between temperature and uveitis visits. Lower temperatures increased visits, with peak relative risk at \u22124\u00b0C lagged by 1\u202fday (RR\u202f=\u202f1.351, 95%CI: 1.069\u20131.706). Significant associations were found at lags 0\u20131 and 12\u201314, with the highest risk at lag 14 (\u22124\u00b0C, RR\u202f=\u202f1.257, 95%CI: 1.113\u20131.420). Stratified analyses showed stronger associations in males and individuals under 60\u202fyears. High humidity and elevated PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> levels strengthened the cold temperature association, while extremely high temperatures (33\u201334\u00b0C) increased visits under low humidity (RR\u202f=\u202f2.625, 95%CI: 1.034\u20136.668 at 34\u00b0C).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Temperature extremes are linked to increased uveitis outpatient visits in Shanghai, particularly with cold temperatures in high-humidity and high-PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> environments, and hot temperatures under low humidity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1650255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T05:25:45Z","timestamp":1753421145000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Climate change and ocular health: temperature-pollution synergies amplify uveitis 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