{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:22:13Z","timestamp":1771928533009,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children living in low socioeconomic status (SES) environments are more likely to develop behavior problems. Breastfeeding is one behavior that has been positively linked to mental health throughout childhood. We investigated whether breastfeeding modifies the association between low SES and behavior problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We studied a subset of the Canadian CHILD cohort (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f2,342). Lower SES (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f592) was defined as one or more of: (1) low income based on family size, (2) single parenthood, or (3) maternal education below a post-secondary degree. Breastfeeding was reported by caregivers from birth to 2\u202fyears. The Child Behavior Checklist (mean 50, SD (10), comprising internalizing, externalizing, and total behavior scores) was administered at 5\u202fyears. We tested main effects and interactions between SES and breastfeeding on child behavior, adjusting for several maternal and child characteristics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Lower SES was related to higher (worse) behavior scores (\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f2.06 [95%CI: 1.06, 3.07] for total behavior scores), while longer and more exclusive breastfeeding was related to lower (better) behavior scores (\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f\u22122.43 [95% CI: \u22123.74, \u22121.11] for exclusive breastfeeding at 6\u202fmonths, compared to no breastfeeding, for total behavior scores). We observed significant interactions between longer and more exclusive breastfeeding and family SES on internalizing and total behavior scores, indicating that the \u201csocioeconomic gap\u201d in behavior scores becomes smaller with more exclusive and longer breastfeeding.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides new evidence that breastfeeding may be one factor that can help reduce socioeconomic inequities in child behavior scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1653185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T13:05:42Z","timestamp":1770123942000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Breastfeeding moderates the association between family socioeconomic status and child behavior scores"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC)","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]},{"name":"Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Roos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan C.","family":"Nickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC)","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]},{"name":"Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]},{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School and Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Alberta","place":["Edmonton, AB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sukhpreet K.","family":"Tamana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia","place":["Vancouver, BC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theo J.","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto","place":["Toronto, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stuart E.","family":"Turvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia","place":["Vancouver, BC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elinor","family":"Simons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Padmaja","family":"Subbarao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Physiology & Dalla Lana School of Public Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto","place":["Toronto, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piushkumar J.","family":"Mandhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta","place":["Edmonton, AB, Canada"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University","place":["Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meghan B.","family":"Azad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC)","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-019-00912-6","article-title":"Associations of birth factors and socio-economic status with indicators of early emotional development and mental health in childhood: a population-based linkage study","volume":"51","author":"Guhn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/1063426611421007","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and child development: a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Letourneau","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Emot Behav 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