{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T06:40:09Z","timestamp":1764139209222,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to air pollution is a major environmental hazards to human health. This study aimed to assess personal interventions to reduce air pollution exposure in a representative sample of Poles aged 18\u201364\u202fyears, as well as to identify factors associated with these personal interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a secondary analysis of data from the nationwide cross-sectional survey carried out in December 2024 in a representative sample of adults in Poland aged 18\u201364\u202fyears. Questions on four personal interventions to reduce air pollution exposure were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the analyzed population (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f5,006), the percentage of women was 49.9%, average age of 41.8 (SD\u202f=\u202f12.59). Among the respondents, 18.2% reported closing windows at home to protect against air pollution, and 16.1% reported using air purifiers at home. Avoiding outdoor walking during high-pollution periods and monitoring air-quality alerts were reported by 12.7 and 11.8%, respectively. Males had a 15% higher odds of using at least one intervention (OR\u202f=\u202f1.15; 95%CI: 1.02\u20131.31). Adults aged 25\u201334 showed a 48% higher odds of using at least one personal intervention compared to people aged 45\u201364 (OR\u202f=\u202f1.48; 95%CI: 1.24\u20131.78). Residents of the largest cities (&amp;gt;500,000 inhabitants) were 46% more likely to implement personal interventions to reduce air pollution exposure in comparison to residents of rural areas (OR\u202f=\u202f1.46; 95%CI: 1.19\u20131.78). Having children aged 4\u201312\u202fyears (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05) increased the odds of implementation of personal intervention in comparison to people without children of this age. Individuals with frequent infections (\u22655 per year) had 46% higher odds than those who reported not getting sick (OR\u202f=\u202f1.46; 95%CI: 1.07\u20132.00).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adults in Poland show low uptake of personal measures to reduce air pollution exposure. Socio-demographic differences in the implementation of a personal intervention to reduce air pollution were observed, with particular emphasis on gender, age, place of residence, having children, and economic status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1656587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T06:35:08Z","timestamp":1764138908000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Personal interventions to reduce air pollution exposure in a representative sample of Poles aged 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