{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:18:24Z","timestamp":1790691504185,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure is associated with various health risks. However, limited research has explored their potential connection with congenital heart disease (CHD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the relationship between different types of PFAS and childhood CHD using a mixed analysis approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A hospital-based case\u2013control study was conducted involving 282 children with CHD and 282 control participants. Plasma samples were analyzed for 19 PFAS congeners. Logistic regression, Bayesian kernel-machine regression (BKMR), and weighted quantile sum (WQS) models were employed to assess the association between individual PFAS and PFAS mixtures with CHD risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analysis of 564 subjects revealed higher plasma concentrations of various PFAS compounds in the CHD-group. Logistic regression identified significant associations between CHD risk and specific PFAS, notably 6:2 Chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA) (OR\u202f=\u202f1.65; 95%CI: 1.40\u20131.94), 8:2 8:2 Cl-PFESA (OR\u202f=\u202f1.69; 95%CI: 1.69\u20132.19), Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) (OR\u202f=\u202f2.68; 95%CI: 2.28\u20133.15), Perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) (OR\u202f=\u202f2.38; 95%CI: 1.77\u20133.22), Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) (OR\u202f=\u202f2.62; 95%CI: 1.99\u20133.45), and Perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA) (OR\u202f=\u202f2.18; 95%CI: 1.81\u20132.63). BKMR analysis confirmed these findings. WQS analysis emphasized PFBA, 8:2 Cl-PFESA, PFHxA, and PFTeDA as key contributors to the association between PFAS mixture exposure and CHD risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to PFAS mixtures was associated with an increased risk of CHD in children, with 6:2 Cl-PFESA, 8:2 ClPFESA, PFBA, PFHxA, and PFTeDA playing significant roles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1657168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T05:13:44Z","timestamp":1764220424000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Environmental exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and childhood congenital heart disease: a mixed analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xianting","family":"Jiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuejuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weifeng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yurong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EM00291G","article-title":"An 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