{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T17:00:51Z","timestamp":1789664451963,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>South Asia faces concentrated HIV epidemics rooted in legal and social marginalization of key populations. Laws criminalizing same-sex relations, sex work, and drug use, combined with gaps in anti-discrimination protections and funding constraints for civil society organizations, undermine progress toward the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets. This review applies a rights-based approach (RBA) to compare national policies and outcomes across India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, and offers actionable regional guidance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comparative analysis was performed using a five-dimension RBA framework: legal decriminalization, anti-discrimination protections, service access, community participation, and HIV outcomes. Data were synthesized from national legal documents, UNAIDS and Global Fund reports, published research, and community organization perspectives. Comparative findings are presented in a cross-country table, and an RBA policy-outcome pathway diagram is used to visualize core mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>India and Nepal have partially decriminalized same-sex conduct, while criminalization of sex work and drug use persists in all four countries. Pakistan\u2019s progressive transgender rights legislation faces enforcement and political challenges; Sri Lanka retains colonial-era punitive statutes. Fragile enforcement, limited-service access, and structural health system stigma are common barriers. Where rights-based legal reforms have advanced, as in India and Nepal, higher diagnosis and treatment rates are seen. Four practical pillars\u2014legal reform, health system transformation, funding equity, and regional collaboration\u2014are proposed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sustainable HIV epidemic control in South Asia depends on repealing punitive laws, enforcing anti-discrimination protections, and supporting community leadership. Rights-based governance not only drives epidemic control but advances dignity and equity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1658981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T06:27:43Z","timestamp":1767335263000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["From criminalization to care: a comparative rights-based policy review of HIV responses in South Asia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Praveen","family":"Hoogar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Global AIDS Update 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"HIV\/AIDS in the South-East Asia region: Progress and challenges","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"UNAIDS Data 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60821-6","article-title":"Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men","volume":"380","author":"Beyrer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"HIV and the law: Risks, Rights & Health (2012): Global commission report","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Criminalization and HIV: Policy brief and evidence summaries","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60931-4","article-title":"Global epidemiology of HIV among female sex workers: influence of structural determinants","volume":"385","author":"Shannon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"The HIV and AIDS (prevention and control) act","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Human rights-based approach to ending AIDS","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"Rights-based monitoring and evaluation of national HIV responses","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Communities at the Centre: Defending rights, breaking barriers, reaching people with HIV services","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 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