{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:10:46Z","timestamp":1793322646922,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is the primary external factor associated with the development of skin cancer. Accurate, valid, and reliable objective estimates of individual UVR exposure are required to quantify the risk of skin cancer in outdoor workers. Such data can be used to develop and implement policies and practices to reduce, or at least manage, UVR exposure in outdoor workers. Currently, there is a dearth of objective exposure data for many countries. Lisbon, as a low-mid-latitude region (38\u00b046\u2032 N), experiences a high UV Index (UVI) for a long period of the year, increasing the potential risk of skin cancer among outdoor workers in Portugal. This is the first study to objectively measure personal solar UVR exposure among outdoor workers in Portugal.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n This study used a prospective observational design during seven consecutive months (April to October 2023) studying personal UV exposure of Asphalthers, Gardeners, Gravediggers, Pavers, and Sanitation Workers. Measurements of personal exposure were conducted using the GENESIS-UV measurement system, and ambient solar UVR data was estimated Jm\n \u22122<\/jats:sup>\n utilizing a UV-Biometer radiometer.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Personal hourly and daily doses measured by the GENESIS-UV measurement system were lower than the solar irradiation measured on a horizontal surface by the UV-Biometer radiometer. Gravediggers and Gardeners showed in average, the highest monthly daily averages (250 Jm\n \u22122<\/jats:sup>\n and 266 Jm\n \u22122<\/jats:sup>\n , respectively). The maximum monthly daily average occurred for Gravediggers in the month of April (363 Jm\n \u22122<\/jats:sup>\n ). Pavers recorded the lowest solar UVR average daily doses (62 Jm\n \u22122<\/jats:sup>\n ). Sanitation Workers recorded the highest average daily dose (837 Jm\n \u22122<\/jats:sup>\n , July 7th). The maximum single dosimeter value was accumulated by Gravediggers (1,097 Jm\n \u22122<\/jats:sup>\n , May 9th).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n \n This study measured solar UVR exposure in important occupations not so often studied. The ICNRIP occupational limit value of 133\u202fJ\/m\n \u22122<\/jats:sup>\n was surpassed in all occupations except the Pavers. These results showcase that the design of adequate prevention campaigns for preventing occupational skin cancer in outdoor workers should include personalized exposure risk messaging in the future.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1659663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T06:21:03Z","timestamp":1761546063000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation among outdoor workers in Lisbon, 2023\u2014first results of the MEAOW study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudine","family":"Strehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Barroso-Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Miguel","family":"Castela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabriziomaria","family":"Gobba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds 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Silva","family":"Paulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12020142","article-title":"Review on occupational personal solar UV exposure measurements","volume":"12","author":"Schmalwieser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15102063","article-title":"Solar radiation exposure and outdoor work: an underestimated occupational risk","volume":"15","author":"Modenese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health MDPI AG"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/36\/3\/001","article-title":"Solar ultraviolet radiation effects on biological systems","volume":"36","author":"Diffey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phys Med 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A joint recommendation of the World Health Organization, World Meteorological Organization","volume-title":"United Nations environment Programme, and the international Commission on non-ionizing radiation protection","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.16877","article-title":"Solar ultraviolet radiation exposure in workers with outdoor occupations: a systematic review and call to action","volume":"63","author":"Slavinsky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.09.039","article-title":"WHO\/ILO work-related burden of disease and injury: protocol for systematic reviews of occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation and of the effect of occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation on melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer","volume":"1","author":"Paulo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"ref25","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108967","article-title":"Exposure to solar UV radiation in outdoor construction workers using personal dosimetry","author":"Moldovan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare5040082","article-title":"Updates on the management of non-melanoma skin cancer (Nmsc)","author":"Fahradyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Healthcare (Switzerland)"},{"key":"ref28","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-022-00176-5","article-title":"Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP environmental effects assessment panel, update 2019","volume":"19","author":"Bernhard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1039\/c4pp90032d","article-title":"Ozone depletion and climate change: impacts on UV radiation","volume":"14","author":"Bais","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-14-1533-2021","article-title":"Sensitivity of surface solar radiation to aerosol-radiation and aerosol-cloud interactions over Europe in WRFv3.6.1 climatic runs with fully interactive aerosols","volume":"14","author":"Jerez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geosci Model Dev"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15174","DOI":"10.3390\/su142215174","article-title":"Climate change and impact on renewable energies in the Azores strategic visions for sustainability","volume":"14","author":"Meirelles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"1","article-title":"WHO\/ILO work-related burden of disease and injury: protocol for systematic reviews of occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation and of the effect of occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation on cataract","author":"Tenkate","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108226","article-title":"Global, regional and national burdens of non-melanoma skin cancer attributable to occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation for 183 countries, 2000\u20132019: a systematic analysis from the WHO\/ILO joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury","volume":"1","author":"Pega","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1140903","article-title":"Digitally measuring solar ultraviolet radiation in outdoor workers: a study protocol for establishing the use of electronic personal dosimeters in Portugal","volume":"11","author":"Paulo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljac093","article-title":"The GENESIS-UV study on ultraviolet radiation exposure levels in 250 occupations to foster epidemiological and legislative efforts to combat nonmelanoma skin cancer","volume":"188","author":"Wittlich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref37","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1039\/d0pp00182a","article-title":"Possibilities to estimate the personal UV radiation exposure from ambient UV radiation measurements","volume":"19","author":"Schmalwieser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol Sci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2022.112442","article-title":"UV-biometer - 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