{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:28:56Z","timestamp":1787027336187,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted global mental health, with significant disparities in depression and anxiety observed across populations and countries. Existing literature highlights the role of social determinants of health (SDH) in shaping mental health outcomes, yet systematic reviews synthesizing these impacts across diverse socioeconomic and policy contexts remain limited. This study provides an overview of how COVID-19 is affecting depression and anxiety among general populations, alongside inequalities driven by the SDH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six databases (CNKI, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science) were searched from March 2020 to February 2024. Inclusion criteria encompassed cross-sectional\/longitudinal studies assessing depression\/anxiety in adults (\u226518\u202fyears) using validated scales (e.g., PHQ-9, GAD-7). After screening 4,916 records, 59 studies met eligibility criteria. Quality assessment utilized the Joanna Briggs Institute tool, and data extraction covered study characteristics, outcomes, and SDH factors. This review is registered with PROSPERO: CRD420251023201.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 59 studies (39 from low- and middle-income countries [LMICs]; 16 from high-income countries [HICs]), younger individuals, women, and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups exhibited heightened vulnerability to depression and anxiety. High-income countries with stringent lockdowns (e.g., the U.S., France) reported sustained psychological distress, while nations adopting effective early containment strategies saw mental health improvements over time. Population-level determinants, including healthcare infrastructure and policy stringency, significantly influenced outcomes. Low-resource settings faced worsened mental health burdens due to prolonged restrictions and limited medical access. Individual and community-level factors such as unemployment, housing instability, and low social support amplified risks. Temporal trends revealed worsening mental health during extended lockdowns and disparities in recovery trajectories across regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated mental health inequalities, disproportionately affecting specific groups and underscoring the interplay of SDH. Tailored interventions addressing socioeconomic vulnerabilities, enhancing social support, and balancing infection control with psychological well-being are critical.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:uri>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD420251023201<\/jats:uri>\n                      , identifier CRD420251023201\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1659671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:35:45Z","timestamp":1761197745000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A systematic review of impacts of COVID-19 on depression and anxiety among general populations around the world"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jianbo","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujing","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenlong","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"2306","article-title":"Disaster response: principles of preparedness and coordination","volume":"268","author":"der Heide","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.114496","article-title":"Conceptualizing and defining public health emergency preparedness","volume":"97","author":"Nelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am Public Health Assoc"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2013.01.006","article-title":"Human ecology in pathogenic landscapes: two hypotheses on how land use change drives viral emergence","volume":"3","author":"Murray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1086\/511989","article-title":"The 1918 influenza pandemic: insights for the 21st century","volume":"195","author":"Morens","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra032498","article-title":"The severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"349","author":"Peiris","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020915212","article-title":"The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health","volume":"66","author":"Torales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m408","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m408","article-title":"China coronavirus: WHO declares international emergency as death toll exceeds 200","volume":"368","author":"Mahase","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30307-2","article-title":"How mental health care should change as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"7","author":"Moreno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"e048720","article-title":"International survey for assessing COVID-19\u2019s impact on fear and health: study protocol","volume":"11","author":"Lok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br Med J Open"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05019","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.05019","article-title":"Fear in general populations: a cross-sectional study on perceived fear of common diseases, COVID-19, life events, and environmental threats in 30 countries","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04125","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04125","article-title":"Key lifestyles and interim health outcomes for effective interventions in general populations: a network analysis of a large international observational study","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"06031","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.06031","article-title":"Global impacts of COVID-19 on lifestyles and health and preparation preferences: an international survey of 30 countries","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788898","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.788898","article-title":"Risk of depression, anxiety, and stress during the second wave of COVID-19 in Slovenia","volume":"12","author":"Rus Prelog","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245868","article-title":"Exploratory study on the psychological impact of COVID-19 on the general Brazilian population","volume":"16","author":"Serafim","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0248916","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248916","article-title":"Escalating progression of mental health disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from a nationwide survey","volume":"16","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.08.036","article-title":"Income inequality and population health: a review and explanation of the evidence","volume":"62","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2307\/2626958","article-title":"Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease","volume":"62","author":"Link","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","article-title":"Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions","volume":"389","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01394","article-title":"Systemic and structural racism: definitions, examples, health damages, and approaches to dismantling: study examines definitions, examples, health damages, and dismantling systemic and structural racism","volume":"41","author":"Braveman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.34.040507.134601","article-title":"Social networks and health","volume":"34","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"4","article-title":"Policies and strategies to promote social equity in health","volume":"27","author":"Dahlgren","year":"1991","journal-title":"Stockholm Inst Fut Stud"},{"key":"ref22","author":"Peters","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref23","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.3390\/f14091851","article-title":"The impact of forest therapy programs on stress reduction: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges","volume":"55","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2014.71","article-title":"The development of a critical appraisal tool for use in systematic reviews addressing questions of prevalence","volume":"3","author":"Munn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176315","article-title":"Mental health and its predictors during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic experience in the United States","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.04.095","article-title":"Mental and physical health among the French population before and during the first and second COVID-19 lockdowns: latent class trajectory analyses using longitudinal data","volume":"309","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14946","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94434-8","article-title":"Mental health and loneliness in the German general population during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to a representative pre-pandemic assessment","volume":"11","author":"Beutel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"354","article-title":"The knowledge, perceptions and mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Greek general population","volume":"39","author":"Souliotis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Hellenic Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3390\/bs12050141","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in Belgium during the first 15 months of the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study [article]","volume":"12","author":"Bruggeman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e87","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2020.89","article-title":"Effects of the lockdown on the mental health of the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: results from the COMET collaborative network","volume":"63","author":"Fiorillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765125","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.765125","article-title":"Changes in the mental health status of the general Chinese population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study","volume":"13","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-39082\/v1","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety and depression in the Iranian general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a web-based cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Maroufizadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04677-0","article-title":"Depression, anxiety, stress, and PTSD symptoms during the first and second COVID-19 waves: a comparison of elderly, middle-aged, and young people in Iran","volume":"23","author":"Pasha","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292377","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of men experiencing homelessness: a cross-sectional study in Osaka, Japan","volume":"18","author":"Michinaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2022.100936","article-title":"Depression, stress, anxiety among jordanian people during COVID-19 pandemic: a survey-based study","volume":"30","author":"Abuhammad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inform Med Unlocked"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721001963","article-title":"Changes in mental health and help-seeking among young Australian adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: a prospective cohort study","volume":"53","author":"Upton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.08.013","article-title":"Mental health among healthcare providers during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"AlAteeq","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10329-3","article-title":"An investigation of depression, anxiety, and stress and its relating factors during COVID-19 pandemic in Iran","volume":"21","author":"Khademian","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.05.018","article-title":"The immediate impact of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak on subjective sleep status","volume":"77","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-021-09967-z","article-title":"Sociodemographic and psychological risk factors for anxiety and depression: findings from the Covid-19 health and adherence research in Scotland on mental health (CHARIS-MH) cross-sectional survey","volume":"28","author":"Hubbard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.11.004","article-title":"Mental health indicators in Sweden over a 12-month period during the COVID-19 pandemic - baseline data of the Omtanke2020 study","volume":"322","author":"Lovik","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa250","article-title":"Post-lockdown depression and anxiety in the USA during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"43","author":"Khubchandani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1341","article-title":"Comparing mental health status and COVID-19 event impact between survivors and the general population during the second wave of the pandemic in Iran","volume":"10","author":"Reskati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurs Open"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-022-00647-z","article-title":"Investigation of stress, anxiety, and depression levels of pre-hospital emergency medicine personnel in eastern Iran during the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"22","author":"Sabbaghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03108-2","article-title":"Depressive, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms between population in quarantine and general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case-controlled study","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0246824","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246824","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental health of Asians: a study of seven middle-income countries in Asia","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.22159\/ijpps.2020v12i12.39345","article-title":"Mental health and quality of life during covid-19 pandemic in Indian population","volume":"12","author":"Tomar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027734","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1027734","article-title":"Alterations in mental health and quality of life among healthcare workers in times of COVID-19: four-stage cross-sectional study during first four pandemic waves in Poland. Frontiers","volume":"13","author":"Babicki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3390\/psychiatryint2010006","article-title":"Mental health of the general population during the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: a tale of two developing countries","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Int"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564172","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.564172","article-title":"Psychosocial correlates of depression and anxiety in the United Arab Emirates during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054046","article-title":"Mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic: observational evidence from Malaysia","volume":"20","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743625","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.743625","article-title":"Depression during COVID-19 quarantine in South Korea: a propensity score-matched analysis","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539520968455","article-title":"Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in general population in India during COVID-19 pandemic home quarantine","volume":"33","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-020-02746-5","article-title":"Differences in mental health and health-related quality of life between the Israeli and Italian population during a COVID-19 quarantine","volume":"30","author":"Amit Aharon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103740","article-title":"Depression and anxiety in Hong Kong during COVID-19","volume":"17","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e620825","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2021.620825","article-title":"Prevalence and porrelates of mental health outcomes during the SARS-Cov-2 epidemic in Mexico city and their association with non-adherence to stay-at-home directives, June 2020","volume":"66","author":"Flores-Torres","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"ref60","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024751","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1024751","article-title":"Socio-economic factors associated with mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604723","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2022.1604723","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of depression, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms in people in quarantine during the COVID-19 epidemic","volume":"67","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103555","article-title":"Mental health in the post-lockdown pandemic phase: relief or exacerbation of psychological distress? A cross-sectional study in the general population in Italy","volume":"225","author":"Orfei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Psychol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 115","DOI":"10.3390\/bs11090115","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic: stress, anxiety, and depression levels highest amongst indigenous peoples in Alberta","volume":"11","author":"Lawal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27818","DOI":"10.2196\/27818","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental health in China and Spain: cross-sectional study","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18157857","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and mental health status of Saudi citizens living abroad","volume":"18","author":"Behisi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.19694\/j.cnki.issn2095-2457.2020.20.59","article-title":"Research on the public's cognition and psychological status of COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.51924.1","article-title":"Association between depression, anxiety, stress and perceived quality of life in a Malaysian B40 urban community during the COVID-19 lockdown: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Sing Joo","year":"2021","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e562437","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.562437","article-title":"Symptoms of depression and anxiety during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden","volume":"9","author":"Rondung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0254821","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254821","article-title":"Mental health among healthcare workers and other vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 pandemic and other coronavirus outbreaks: a rapid systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Uphoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e32835e8c17","article-title":"Vulnerable populations in healthcare","volume":"26","author":"Waisel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anesthesiol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pu.15.050194.002415","article-title":"Health status of vulnerable populations","volume":"15","author":"Aday","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaay0214","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay0214","article-title":"Poverty, depression, and anxiety: causal evidence and mechanisms","volume":"370","author":"Ridley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e328336657d","article-title":"Economic crisis and mental health","volume":"23","author":"Uutela","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110236","article-title":"Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: a global cross-sectional survey","volume":"109","author":"Varma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2688","article-title":"Association of mental disorders with subsequent chronic physical conditions: world mental health surveys from 17 countries","volume":"73","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01333-1","article-title":"Sex differences in stress responses: social rejection versus achievement stress","volume":"52","author":"Stroud","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1017\/bca.2021.5","article-title":"Economic activity and the value of medical innovation during a pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Mulligan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Benefit-Cost Anal"},{"key":"ref79","first-page":"e045343","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on utilisation of healthcare services: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Moynihan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br Med J Open"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8584","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe8584","article-title":"Conceptualizing social ecological model in pharmacy to address racism as a social determinant of health","volume":"85","author":"Nonyel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.profnurs.2005.05.006","article-title":"Using ecological models in research on health disparities","volume":"21","author":"Reifsnider","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Prof Nurs"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czn022","article-title":"Policy to tackle the social determinants of health: using conceptual models to understand the policy process","volume":"23","author":"Exworthy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1659671\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:35:48Z","timestamp":1761197748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1659671\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1659671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1659671","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"article-number":"1659671"}}